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Fish

New study shows common carp aquaculture in China dates back 8,000 years

By using age-mortality and species-selection profiles from prehistoric East Asia, researchers identified carp aquaculture in Henan Province, China, thousands of years earlier than previously reported.
Carp Farming Japan
© Mark Hudson
Preparing to drain the field at Matsukawa village, Japan.
In a recent study, an international team of researchers analyzed fish bones excavated from the Early Neolithic Jiahu site in Henan Province, China. By comparing the body-length distributions and species-composition ratios of the bones with findings from East Asian sites with present aquaculture, the researchers provide evidence of managed carp aquaculture at Jiahu dating back to 6200-5700 BC.

Despite the growing importance of farmed fish for economies and diets around the world, the origins of aquaculture remain unknown. The Shijing, the oldest surviving collection of ancient Chinese poetry, mentions carp being reared in a pond circa 1140 BC, and historical records describe carp being raised in artificial ponds and paddy fields in East Asia by the first millennium BC. But considering rice paddy fields in China date all the way back to the fifth millennium BC, researchers from Lake Biwa Museum in Kusatu, Japan, the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures in Norwich, U.K., and an international team of colleagues set out to discover whether carp aquaculture in China was practiced earlier than previously thought.

Info

6,600-year-old ceramic woman figurine found in Bulgaria

Prehistoric figurine in Bulgaria
© Varna Museum of Archaeology via Radio Varna
The newly discovered prehistoric figurine is deemed a very valuable find because of the perplexingly small number of such figurines from the Middle Chalcolithic along Bulgaria’s Black Sea coast.
A partially preserved 6,600-year-old anthropomorphic clay figurine from the Chalcolithic (Aeneolithic, Copper Age) has been discovered by archaeologists in a prehistoric pottery workshop located close to the town of Suvorovo, Varna District, in Northeast Bulgaria, near the Black Sea coast.

More specifically, the prehistoric pregnant woman figurine dates back to 4,700 BC - 4,600 BC, the brief period Middle Chalcolithic.

As of the middle of the 5th millennium BC, it was followed by the Late Chalcolithic famous for the Varna Culture, which boasted the world's oldest gold treasure, the Varna Gold Treasure from the Varna Chalcolithic Necropolis.

It was part of Europe's first human civilization found in what is today's Bulgaria and other parts of the Balkan Peninsula near the Lower Danube and the Black Sea dubbed by some American scholars "Old Europe".

A 6,500-year-old skeleton from the Chalcolithic period was discovered back in 2011 in the Suvorovo Chalcolithic Settlement in Northeast Bulgaria, and another skeleton from the same period was also found there in 2018.

The newly discovered female anthropomorphic figurine from the Middle Chalcolithic found near Bulgaria's Suvorovo is valuable because anthropomorphic figurines precisely from that time period are perplexingly rare in the region, archaeologist Vladimir Slavchev from the Varna Museum of Archaeology has told Radio Varna.

The figurine is half-preserved, and consists mostly of its torso. It is about 15 centimeters tall, meaning that the figurine was originally about 30 centimeter tall.

The site of the figurine's belly had another clay part, which was attached or glued to it, and which broke off and has not been found. However, there is sufficient evidence for the researchers to conclude that it was used in order to augment its belly, thus seemingly depicting a pregnant woman.

Info

The enigma of Bronze Age tin solved

The origin of the tin used in the Bronze Age has long been one of the greatest enigmas in archaeological research. Now researchers from Heidelberg University and the Curt Engelhorn Centre for Archaeometry in Mannheim have solved part of the puzzle. Using methods of the natural sciences, they examined the tin from the second millennium BCE found at archaeological sites in Israel, Turkey, and Greece. They were able to proof that this tin in form of ingots does not come from Central Asia, as previously assumed, but from tin deposits in Europe. The findings are proof that even in the Bronze Age complex and far-reaching trade routes must have existed between Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. Highly appreciated raw materials like tin as well as amber, glass, and copper were the driving forces of this early international trade network.
Tin Deposits on Eurasia
© Berger et al. 2019t | Prepared by Daniel Berger
Tin deposits on the Eurasian continent and distribution of tin finds in the area studied dating from 2500–1000 BCE. The arrow does not indicate the actual trade route but merely illustrates the assumed origin of the Israeli tin based on the data.
Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was already being produced in the Middle East, Anatolia, and the Aegean in the late fourth and third millennia BCE. Knowledge on its production spread quickly across wide swaths of the Old World. "Bronze was used to make weapons, jewellery, and all types of daily objects, justifiably bequeathing its name to an entire epoch. The origin of tin has long been an enigma in archaeological research", explains Prof. Dr Ernst Pernicka, who until his retirement worked at both the Institute for Earth Sciences of Heidelberg University as well as the Curt Engelhorn Centre for Archaeometry. "Tin objects and deposits are rare in Europe and Asia. The Eastern Mediterranean region, where some of the objects we studied originated, had practically none of its own deposits. So the raw material in this region must have been imported", explained the researcher.

Dig

Ancient cold case: The Sima hominins, proto-Neanderthals

sima skull
© Sala et al./PLOS One
A skull from Sima de los Huesos showing evidence of blunt force trauma.
From the scene, authorities recovered DNA, a stone handaxe and more than 7,000 scattered bones, including a bashed human skull. It was a case for the ages. But there was one complication: the events unfolded 430,000 years ago.

The evidence was unearthed by anthropologists beginning in the 1980s at Sima de los Huesos — the "pit of bones" — in Spain's Atapuerca mountains. The spectacular cave chamber, nearly 100 feet below the surface, has yielded remains from at least 28 hominin individuals. Ancient DNA analysis of the fossils — the oldest human genetic code ever sequenced — indicates that these people were ancestors to Neanderthals.

After more than three decades of research, the remains have revealed much about Neanderthal evolution. But the circumstances surrounding the group's death and burial remains contentious. Found in a jumble at the base of a 45-foot chute, some say the bodies were deliberately dropped there after meeting violent ends — a Stone Age cold case.

Proto-Neanderthals

Since systematic excavations of Sima began in 1984, researchers have discovered thousands of hominin fossils there, but only one artifact: a teardrop shaped handaxe of red and yellow stone, nicknamed Excalibur. There's more digging to do, though: It's thought more than half the deposit of sediments and fossils has yet to be excavated.

Jet5

Cameron claims it was he who talked 'peacenik' EU and 'dithering' Obama into bombing Libya

Sirte, Libya
© AP/Manu Brabo
Sirte, Libya
Bombing Libya preceded a massive immigration crisis in Europe and failed to establish peace in the country, but the former Tory leader says he felt "relief" as he gave the order.

David Cameron has heaped self-praise on his decision to bomb Libya in March 2011, saying major allies expressed a lack of enthusiasm in overthrowing Muammar Gaddafi.

In the weeks leading up to the NATO-led intervention, Libya was engulfed in a chain of violent protests against Gaddafi's government, with armed militias seizing the country's second-largest city, Benghazi, and swathes of eastern Libya.

However, in early March government forces pushed the rebels back and were advancing toward Benghazi; Cameron - then-Britain's prime minister - says he tried to rally allies to take action to avert a potential crackdown on the rebel-held city.
"The decision to ratchet up our response on Libya was, in many ways, the easy part, because I knew it was the right thing to do. What was tough was getting it done — and doing so against the clock. To do nothing in these circumstances was not a neutral act. It was to facilitate murder."
Cameron explains in his soon-to-be-released memoir, For the Record, which is being serialised in The Times.

Black Cat 2

Spy pigeons? Killer cigars? Acoustic kitties? Some of the weird ways CIA tried to win the cold war!

Pigeon/cigars
© Burkhard Sauskojus/Egon Bömsch/imageBROKER.com via GlobalLookPress
The CIA has declassified documents revealing its Cold War spy pigeons program, the latest revelation of the truly bizarre lengths the US went to to win the war which included killer cigars, trained dolphins and acoustic kitties.

Pigeon spies

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has declassified details of its secret spy-pigeon mission during the Cold War, named 'Tacana'. It used the birds to secretly photograph sites inside the Soviet Union. The avian species was chosen because of their ability to navigate their way back home, and they apparently flew their missions while expensive cameras were strapped to them.

From the sky ... and the sea

The new documents also reveal how the CIA used ravens to drop bugging devices on window sills, and trained dolphins for underwater "harbour penetration" missions. The mammals were also tested to see if they could carry sensors to detect Soviet nuclear submarines and traces of radioactive weapons. In Key West, Florida, the US tried to use dolphins in underwater attacks against enemy shipping.

Pistol

RFK's son claims 'compelling evidence' his father was assassinated by a CIA operative

Robert F Kennedy
© Unknown
Robert F. Kennedy
On 5th June 1968, US presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was mortally wounded mere hours after winning the South Dakota and California Democratic primaries.

After giving a televised victory address to journalists and campaign workers at his campaign headquarters in Los Angeles' Ambassador Hotel, Kennedy left the podium and headed to a gathering of supporters elsewhere in the building - while walking through the hotel pantry, he was blasted three times with a handgun, once in the head and twice in the back.

The apparent shooter, 24-year-old Palestinian refugee Sirhan Sirhan, was subdued by a group of individuals led by Kennedy's bodyguard William Barry - Sirhan would continue firing the gun in random directions while restrained, wounding five more people in the process. Witnesses would later describe him as being in a 'trance-like' state throughout the incident.

SOTT Logo Radio

MindMatters: America Before: Comets, Catastrophes, Mounds and Mythology

hancock graham before america
© SOTT / atlas-v7x
Around 12,800 years ago, North America suffered a massive cataclysm of cometary bombardment, alternately burning and freezing much of the continent. Not much survived. But what of what came before? In his latest book, Before America, Graham Hancock provides a journalistic account of the latest research into the pre-Columbian history of the Americas - North and South. Hancock catalogues the academic back-and-forths, the controversies and intellectual battles, and the widening acceptance that there was a lot more going on in the Americas back then than researchers had previously thought possible. Archaeology, genetics, mounds and henges, myths and migrations - it's a story that is only beginning to emerge after years of bad theories dominating the various fields.

On today's MindMatters we review Hancock's book, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses, and tying in some of his speculations with Witzel's work on world mythology, covered on previous episodes of MindMatters.


Running Time: 01:03:20

Download: MP3 — 58 MB


Sherlock

Alliance between Berlin & Warsaw? New docs reveal what pushed USSR towards Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
© Global Look Press
Signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Recently released papers shed new light on the infamous non-aggression pact between the USSR and the Nazis. It was allegedly the West's enmity and a potential alliance between Poland and Germany that forced Moscow's hand.

The Russian Defense Ministry has published a batch of historical documents in the wake of the 80th anniversary of the agreement that is also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The agreement has been a target of steady criticism for Western nations for quite some time.

It was even mentioned by Poland and some other Eastern European nations as an excuse for not inviting Russia's President Vladimir Putin to the 80th anniversary of WWII in September. While Western nations are relentlessly harping on about the agreement, the newly-released papers show that the Soviet Union had little choice but to sign it.

One of the most remarkable documents in the batch is a 1938 top-secret hand-written report by the head of the Soviet General Staff, Army Commander First Rank Boris Shaposhnikov, where he assessed the possible military threats the USSR could face in the near future.

Bomb

Two weeks of terror: 20 years ago, Russians went to bed fearing their home was next to be bombed

Bombing
© AFP
Aftermath of the September 8, 1999 bombing in Moscow.
September 1999 was one of the most terrifying months in Russia's modern history. In a span of less than two weeks, four separate bomb attacks rocked the country, and there seemed to be no end to this wave of random violence.

September 13, exactly 20 years ago, was the bloodiest day in a month that was full of grief and fear for Russians. Early in the morning, a powerful blast in the basement of an eight-story apartment building in Moscow leveled it to the ground, killing 124 people. Only seven survived. The explosion was later estimated to be the equivalent of 300kg of TNT.

The deaths and how they occurred was almost a carbon copy of what happened days prior, just six kilometers away. Explosives disguised as bags of sugar were smuggled into a rented apartment, and the detonation was timed for late night to maximize its lethality. Some 106 people were killed and almost 700 injured. In a macabre twist of fate, Russia was supposed to have national day of mourning for victims of that attack on September 13.

And that one was not even the first in the series. The initial attack happened in the city of Buynaksk in Russia's southern Republic of Dagestan on September 4. A truck loaded with homemade explosives was parked near a house where families of Russian soldiers lived, and was set to blow up in the evening. Another truck bomb was found next to a hospital and was supposed to target survivors, but luckily that part of the plan was thwarted, preventing the death toll of 64 from escalating further.