Secret HistoryS

Boat

Eight ancient shipwrecks found off of Greece's Fourni Islands

divers
© Sotonpressarchive / YouTube
Underwater archeologists have discovered eight shipwrecks dating back thousands of years while exploring waters around the Greek islands of Fourni.

The Fourni Underwater Survey, a joint US-Greek expedition to uncover archeological sites around the archipelago, has so far uncovered a total of 53 shipwrecks and countless invaluable artefacts over the last three diving seasons.

Peter Campbell of the RPM Nautical Foundation (RPMNF), one of the leaders of the project, believes the area was a popular among ancient boatmen as it provided good anchorage points for vessels crossing the Aegean sea. At Fourni, they were protected from the hazardous northwest winds - although the occasional southern storm sometimes caught them unawares.

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You can't understand ISIS if you don't know the history of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia

Wahhabism
© Getty
The dramatic arrival of Da'ish (ISIS) on the stage of Iraq has shocked many in the West. Many have been perplexed โ€” and horrified โ€” by its violence and its evident magnetism for Sunni youth. But more than this, they find Saudi Arabia's ambivalence in the face of this manifestation both troubling and inexplicable, wondering, "Don't the Saudis understand that ISIS threatens them, too?"

It appears โ€” even now โ€” that Saudi Arabia's ruling elite is divided. Some applaud that ISIS is fighting Iranian Shiite "fire" with Sunni "fire"; that a new Sunni state is taking shape at the very heart of what they regard as a historical Sunni patrimony; and they are drawn by Da'ish's strict Salafist ideology.

Other Saudis are more fearful, and recall the history of the revolt against Abd-al Aziz by the Wahhabist Ikhwan (Disclaimer: this Ikhwan has nothing to do with the Muslim Brotherhood Ikhwan โ€” please note, all further references hereafter are to the Wahhabist Ikhwan, and not to the Muslim Brotherhood Ikhwan), but which nearly imploded Wahhabism and the al-Saud in the late 1920s.

Many Saudis are deeply disturbed by the radical doctrines of Da'ish (ISIS) โ€” and are beginning to question some aspects of Saudi Arabia's direction and discourse.

Archaeology

Secret Stone Age engravings can only be seen at night, archaeologists find

Hendraburnick Quoit
© Kieran Doherty / Reuters
Markings that are only visible in moonlight have been discovered on an ancient stone formation in Britain, leading archaeologists to believe there could be more messages hidden amongst the world's stone memorials.

A new study of the Stone Age-engraved panel 'Hendraburnick Quoit' in Cornwall, southwest England, revealed that 10 times the amount of markings were visible when the stone was viewed under moonlight or very low sunlight from the southeast.

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1863 was the 'other time' Russia meddled with American democracy

Russians during US civil war
The Russian navy arrived to help dissuade Europeans from siding against the Union, and ended up saving San Francisco from a fire.

In 1863 Russia sailed a fleet of ships to New York and San Francisco. Russia was the European power the most friendly to the United States โ€” which it valued as a rising power independent of Britain โ€” and dispatched the fleet to US harbors in sign of friendship and support, and more significantly to help dissuade Britain and France from siding with the Confederacy.

The Russian ships stayed for several months, and during their stay a great fire broke out in San Francisco. Russian officers and sailors rushed to help put out the fire, suffering three injured, and winning the gratitude and affections of San Franciscans. (A popular story told locally says they lost six dead but historians find that unlikely.)

Arrow Down

A short history of the 'humane' guillotine

the guillotine
Cheers as Marie-Antoinette's head is displayed after her execution in Place de la Concorde on October 16, 1793
BASTILLE Day on July 14 has come to symbolise the French Revolution but its real symbol is the guillotine, which ended the lives of King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette and thousands of others linked with the aristocracy in the Reign of Terror.

It was used for capital punishment in France well into the 20th century, with the last public beheading in 1939 and its last use in 1977 for the execution of convicted murderer Hamida Djandoubi. Capital punishment was not abolished until September 1981.

Always regarded as an instrument of terror, the guillotine was invented as a more humane and more egalitarian form of punishment to echo the motto of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

Emmanuelle Broux-Foucaud, the curator of the Prรฉfecture de Police Museum in Paris, said that until the Revolution it was thought anyone who was being punished should suffer, often horribly, to deter anyone else from committing a similar crime.

Comment: Funny how the machinery of death - however 'humane' - usually falls into the hands of those who most want to dole out death.


Star of David

Documents reveal Israeli leaders were concerned evidence would come to light that 1967 attack on USS Liberty was intentional

uss liberty
Recently discovered documents show Israeli leaders were worried that evidence would come out that Israel's 1967 attack on the USS Liberty was intentional.

The Liberty was a Navy electronics surveillance ship operating in international waters during the Six-Day War. Israeli forces perpetrated an extended air and sea assault on the ship that killed 34 Americans, injured 175, and damaged the ship beyond repair. Afterward, Israel claimed the assault was an accident and provided $6 million in compensation for the loss of the $40 million ship. (More information here.)

According to the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz, Israeli historian Adam Raz recently examined hundreds of documents related to the Liberty that had been posted by Israeli State Archives.

Comment: See also:


Book 2

War in the Balkans: Memoirs of a Portugese Peacekeeper

General Carlos Martins Branco
General Carlos Martins Branco is one of the most fascinating (and until quite recently also inaccessible) actors in the Srebrenica controversy. From his Zagreb vantage point as deputy head of the U.N. Protection Force (UNPROFOR) between 1994 and 1996, during the latter phase of the 1990s Yugoslav conflict as it unfolded in Croatia and Bosnian and Herzegovina, this Portuguese officer had privileged access to significant information. Confidential reports about the goings on in the field were crossing his desk. With first-hand information and further enlightened by discrete conversations with colleagues from various intelligence structures, Martins Branco was positioned ideally to learn facts which many officials would have preferred to cover up, and the media frequently ignored.

With a typically Latin emotional flair, refusing to remain silent as the "Srebrenica genocide narrative" was taking shape in the second half of the 1990s, Martins Branco published in 1998 an article provocatively entitled "Was Srebrenica a Hoax? Eyewitness Account of a Former UN Military Observer in Bosnia". In that early plunge into the toxic Srebrenica debate, Martins Branco ventured a number of critical questions concerning the notorious events in July 1995:
"One may agree or disagree with my political analysis, but one really ought to read the account of how Srebrenica fell, who are the victims whose bodies have been found so far, and why the author believes that the Serbs wanted to conquer Srebrenica and make the Bosnian Muslims flee, rather than having any intentions of butchering them. The comparison Srebrenica vs. Krajina, as well as the related media reaction by the 'free press' in the West, is also rather instructive."

Footprints

200,000-year-old baby tooth is fourth fossil identified from Siberia's Denisova Cave

Denisovian tooth
© Slon et al. Sci. Adv. 2017; 3: e1700186Photographs of the Denisova 2 lower second molar in (A) occlusal, (B) mesial, (C) buccal, (D) lingual, (E) distal, and (F) apical views. Scientists estimate the molar found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia is older than previously studied Denisovan fossils.
DNA in a fossil from a young girl has revealed that a mysterious extinct human lineage occupied the middle of Asia longer than previously thought, allowing more potential interbreeding with Neanderthals, a new study finds.

Although modern humans are the only surviving human lineage, other hominins โ€” which include modern humans, extinct human species and their immediate ancestors โ€” once lived on Earth. These included Neanderthals, the closest extinct relatives of modern humans, as well as the Denisovans, who lived across a region that might have stretched from Siberia to Southeast Asia.

In 2010, researchers analyzed DNA from fossils to reveal the existence of the Denisovans, suggesting the lineage shared a common ancestor with Neanderthals. However, the Denisovans were nearly as genetically distinct from Neanderthals as Neanderthals were from modern humans, with the ancestors of Denisovans and Neanderthals splitting about 190,000 to 470,000 years ago.

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Neandertal thigh bone may rewrite history of humanity's origins

German neanderthal thigh bone
© Oleg Kuchar/Museum UlmGerman neanderthal thigh bone
It was big news, the announcement in Nature Communications that mitochondrial DNA recovered from a German Neandertal thigh bone believed to be more than 120,000 years old was (1) from a modern Homo sapiens (or almost-modern Homo sapiens), and (2) entered the Neandertal gene pool more than 270,000 years ago.

"This Thigh Bone Could Force Us To Completely Rewrite The History Of Our Species" is the headline on Kristy Hamilton's post at IFLScience. (I see that this long-lived science blog has turned its original attention-getting name into a decorous acronym.)

It was big news because, if confirmed, it means that the early direct ancestors of all 7.5 billion of us anatomically modern humans, the last Homo standing, entered Eurasia much earlier than current theory holds. Current theory being that we emerged from Africa relatively recently, only 60,000 or 70,000 years ago.

But hardly any of the commentary spoke of another major reason it was big news: it calls into question another central thesis of human evolution, which is that we came out of Africa at all.

Wine n Glass

New Jersey museum finds cases of wine nearly as old as the United States

300 year old wine US museum
© Davud J. Del Grande/NJ Advance Media
A restoration project at a New Jersey museum unearthed cases of wine nearly as old as the United States.

The Liberty Hall Museum in Union says it discovered almost three full cases of Madeira wine, a fortified wine, dating to 1796 while restoring its wine cellar. NJ.com (http://bit.ly/2sHP4uh ) reports the museum also found 42 demijohns โ€” large glass jugs sometimes used for holding spirits โ€” dating to the 1820s.

The museum said the monetary value of the wine cannot be made public.