In his 2008 book
Flat Earth News, long before the current frenzy about 'fake news' and Russian 'disinformation', British journalist Nick Davies sought to explain why the global media contained so much 'falsehood, distortion, and propaganda.' According to Davies, up to about the 1980s, mass media was not predominantly concerned with money-making. In particular, what one might call 'serious' broadsheet newspapers were rarely profitable and often lost substantial amounts of money. They stayed in business because of the subsidies of rich proprietors who felt that owning a newspaper gave them prestige and political influence. In the 1980s Rupert Murdoch changed all that, and set about turning the mass media into a source of revenue. One way of doing this was by cutting costs, which entailed reducing payroll. Thus began a process in which the number of journalists employed by Western media organizations has plummeted. This process has accelerated in recent years, with newsroom jobs falling by 23% between 2008 and 2017 alone. At the same time, the internet has led to a vast increase in the number of media organizations. The internet has also created intense pressure to produce stories quickly.
The result is fewer and fewer journalists forced to produce more and more stories faster and faster. The inevitable consequence has been a decline in quality.
Along the way, investigative journalism, which is slow and labour intensive, has fallen largely by the wayside.
Instead, modern journalism has become largely a matter of cutting and pasting. Davies and his research team examined where the stories in newspapers came from. They discovered that the overwhelming majority came from two sources: a) a handful of press agencies, such as AP and Reuters; and b) press releases issued by governments and private corporations. Only a few organizations, such as the BBC, produce most of their own news reports. The majority just cut and paste from press agencies or press releases. Fact checking - which is also slow and labour intensive - has largely disappeared. In his 2006 book
War Reporting for Cowards, British journalist Chris Ayres explained how the process works. Arriving in New York as the new US correspondent for the London
Times, Ayres meets his predecessor.
His job, she tells him, is to watch CNN and read the New York Times and then transcribe them for a British audience. Enough said!
Comment: Could it be that physically strong men feel more capable and confident in their own abilities to eke out what they need for their own existence, while weak men are the opposite and are more dependent on hand-outs from the nanny state?
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