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Mon, 27 Sep 2021
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Galaxy

In international collaboration, astrophysicists fill in 11 billion years of our universe's expansion history

Universe galaxy
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) released today a comprehensive analysis of the largest three-dimensional map of the Universe ever created, filling in the most significant gaps in our possible exploration of its history.

"We know both the ancient history of the Universe and its recent expansion history fairly well, but there's a troublesome gap in the middle 11 billion years," says cosmologist Kyle Dawson of the University of Utah, who leads the team announcing today's results. "For five years, we have worked to fill in that gap, and we are using that information to provide some of the most substantial advances in cosmology in the last decade."

The SDSS map is shown as a rainbow of colors, located within the observable Universe.

Beaker

Biophysicists find water wires are biological information channels

water wire
Water conducts electricity; it can also conduct energy and information. Biophysicists are finding that "water wires" at the nanoscale fine-tune enzymatic actions — indeed, can be indispensable for function.

In a post here back in April, Evolution News shared a remarkable fact about dynein, one of the molecular machines that "walks" on microtubules. The scientist in that story theorized that water molecules bind to the stalk and help transmit kinetic energy via "water waves" from the reaction center, where ATP is spent, to the "feet" where walking takes place. The water molecules are so positioned as to create a virtual "tsunami" of energy from one end of the machine to the other, which causes the feet to move. Obviously, this requires very precise cooperation between the water molecules and the amino acids in the stalk. Now, other instances are coming to light of biological systems incorporating water molecules into their functional specificity.

How Water Wires Work

Biophysicists have long suspected that water molecules facilitate the passage of substrates through membrane channels. The purpose of membrane channels is to permit certain molecules through the cell membrane but prohibit others. This is called active transport, because normally molecules would move by diffusion (passive transport). Cells need to both attract the right molecules to go through the channel and authenticate them through the "selectivity filter." Water can assist this process via electricity. Since H2O is bipolar, single water molecules in a chain, held together by hydrogen bonds, become a sort of "wire" through which ions can pass. Additionally, the fact that some amino acids are hydrophilic allows biological channels to attract water molecules to the exact positions inside the channel where they can assist the selectivity filter.

Bug

Mammal cells could struggle to fight space germs

Mars atmosphere
© CC0 Public Domain
The immune systems of mammals — including humans — might struggle to detect and respond to germs from other planets, new research suggests.

Microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses) could exist beyond Earth, and there are plans to search for signs of them on Mars and some of Saturn and Jupiter's moons.

Such organisms might be based on different amino acids (key building blocks of all life) than lifeforms on Earth.

Scientists from the universities of Aberdeen and Exeter tested how mammal immune cells responded to peptides (combinations of amino acids) containing two amino acids that are rare on Earth but are commonly found on meteorites.

The immune response to these "alien" peptides was "less efficient" than the reaction to those common on Earth.

Comment: Extraterrestrial microorganisms do not just pose a danger to space missions - but have, in fact, for many thousands of years presented dangers to humans on Earth in the form of plague. The arrival of comets, neo's and meteors quite often brought more from space than just the atmospheric and geologic disruptions that were their most obvious effects.

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Info

Hair cell loss may explain hearing loss

Hearing Loss
© Robert Essel NYC / Getty Images
It seems your parents were right. Too much loud music isn't good for you.

US scientists say they have shown that age-related hearing loss - presbycusis - is mainly caused by damage to hair cells, the sensory cells in the inner ear that transform sound-induced vibrations into the electrical signals that are relayed to the brain by the auditory nerve.

This challenges the prevailing view of the past 60 years that age-related hearing loss is mainly driven by damage to the stria vascularis, the cellular "battery" that powers the hair cell's mechanical-to-electrical signal conversion.

In other words, hearing loss is not so much a natural consequence of getting old, as the result of decisions made when young. In humans at least.

"It's likely that if we were more careful about protecting our ears during prolonged noisy activities, or completely avoiding them, we could all hear better into old age," says Charles Liberman from Massachusetts Eye and Ear, co-author of a paper in the Journal of Neuroscience.

Microscope 2

Quadruple-stranded DNA seen in healthy human cells for the first time

helix dna
© Ella Maru Studio
The double helix gets an upgrade
The world's most famous molecule - the DNA double helix - sometimes doubles up again. Researchers have now found this quadruple-stranded form in healthy human cells for the first time.

Four-stranded DNA has been seen before in some cancer cells and in lab-based chemistry experiments, but this is the first time the molecule has been visualised in healthy, living human cells, as a stable structure created by normal cellular processes.

"We've undoubtedly demonstrated that the quadruple-strand DNA forms in living cells," says Marco Di Antonio at Imperial College London. "This forces us to rethink the biology of DNA."

Comment: See also: And check out SOTT radio's:


Bad Guys

Totalitarianism is Darwinism applied to politics

Reichstag fire
© Wikimedia Commons
Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933
Philosopher Hannah Arendt is, in my view, the most perceptive analyst of totalitarianism. In her magnum opus, The Origins of Totalitarianism, she points out that Darwinism played an essential role in the rise of totalitarian governments in the 20th century. Arendt:
Underlying the Nazi's belief in race laws as the expression of the law of nature in man, is Darwin's idea of man as the product of a natural development which does not necessarily stop with the present species of human beings, just as under the Bolsheviks' belief in class-struggle as the expression of the law of history lies Marx's notion of society as the product of a gigantic historical movement which races according to its own law of motion to the end of historical times when it will abolish itself.
Nazism was clearly inspired in no small part by Darwin's theory, and Arendt notes that Marx and Engels explicitly credited Darwin with insights essential to Marxism. She points out
...the great and positive interest Marx took in Darwin's theories; Engels could not think of a greater compliment to Marx's scholarly achievements than to call him the "Darwin of history"... the movement of history and the movement of nature are one and the same.

Seismograph

Deep repeating earthquakes beneath Hawaii's Maunakea volcano surprise scientists

Seismic data from the station near Maunakea volcano

Example of 2 hours of seismic data from the station near Maunakea on April 14. The large spikes are earthquakes under Maunakea repeating every 11 minutes. The bottom waveform zooms in on 15 seconds of an individual event.
Maunakea volcano hasn't erupted in over 4,500 years, but that doesn't mean it's quiet. In fact, for decades it has been hiding one of the most unique seismic signals seen at any volcano.

Some discoveries are just serendipity. Several years ago, U.S. Geological Survey seismologists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and Alaska Volcano Observatory were trying out a new method to track seismicity at Kilauea Volcano. The method scans 24-hour sections of seismometer data looking for signal similarity on many instruments. Out of curiosity, they decided to look at the rest of the Island of Hawaii to see what else they might find.

What they found came as a surprise. A study published in the journal Science in May, 2020 describes how they detected deep earthquakes beneath Maunakea that repeat every 7-12 minutes. Noise in the seismic records from wind and nearby cars, together with the small size of the individual earthquakes (magnitude 1.5), had prevented these earthquakes from being detected with the regular earthquake detection system.

The small, repeating earthquakes occur at depths of about 20-25 km (12-15 mi) directly beneath Maunakea's summit and happen every 7-12 minutes with surprising regularity. Furthermore, the repeating events can be detected going back to at least 1999. This was when a particularly quiet seismic station was installed in the saddle between Maunakea and Mauna Loa. It is very likely that the repeating earthquakes were occurring even further back in time.

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Pyramid

Google launches new Egyptian hieroglyphs online tool 'Fabricius'

Egyptian King Tutankhamun
© Courtesy of Google Art & Culture
Egyptian King Tutankhamun. “The use of pictures is a window into understanding how the Egyptians saw the world," says Israel Museum curator Shirly Ben-Dor Evian.
The pharaohs are smiling in their tombs. Things were pretty rough for them way back when, but today, several thousand years later, everything's great. Egyptian hieroglyphs are making a comeback. The Google Arts & Culture app has just launched Fabricius, a new online tool that harnesses "the power of artificial intelligence to help decode ancient languages" - including hieroglyphics.

Maybe you didn't know that this is exactly what's been missing in your life, but Google knows you better than you know yourself. How does its new AI invention work? Users enter texts in English or Arabic and receive a translation in hieroglyphs, pictorial and other symbols that until today were fully understood by only a small number of people.

On July 15, 1799, a French soldier in Napoleon Bonaparte's army discovered a large, black stone slab set into the wall of a fort near the town of Rashid (Rosetta), in the Egyptian Delta. To Pierre-François Bouchard's credit it must be said that he realized that this was the greatest prize in the lottery of Western culture - the key to deciphering the mysterious, ancient Egyptian system of writing. Today, exactly 221 years later, the Rosetta Stone is still the most popular exhibit in the British Museum in London. Indeed, it is considered one of the most important archaeological discoveries in history.

The world-famous stele, originally created in 196 B.C. in the city of Memphis, in Egypt, but later moved and used in construction in Rashid, is inscribed with the text of a decree in three languages: Ancient Greek, Ancient Egyptian (using hieroglyphs) and Ancient Egyptian using Demotic script (a simpler, cursive form of Egyptian writing).

Sun

'Campfires' on the Sun revealed by Solar Orbiters first images

sun orbiter
The first images from Solar Orbiter, a new Sun-observing mission by ESA and NASA, have revealed omnipresent miniature solar flares, dubbed 'campfires', near the surface of our closest star.

According to the scientists behind the mission, seeing phenomena that were not observable in detail before hints at the enormous potential of Solar Orbiter, which has only just finished its early phase of technical verification known as commissioning.

"These are only the first images and we can already see interesting new phenomena," says Daniel Müller, ESA's Solar Orbiter Project Scientist. "We didn't really expect such great results right from the start. We can also see how our ten scientific instruments complement each other, providing a holistic picture of the Sun and the surrounding environment."

Comment: See also: And check out SOTT radio's:


Better Earth

Expanding Earth? New theory on how Earth's tectonic plates may have formed

tectonic
© The University of Hong Kong
Figure 1. A snapshot of a model from the new work, showing the late stages of growth and coalescence of a new global fracture network. Fractures are in black / shadow, and colors show stresses (pink color denotes tensile stress, blue color denotes compressive stress).
The activity of the solid Earth - for example, volcanoes in Java, earthquakes in Japan, etc - is well understood within the context of the ~50-year-old theory of plate tectonics. This theory posits that Earth's outer shell (Earth's "lithosphere") is subdivided into plates that move relative to each other, concentrating most activity along the boundaries between plates. It may be surprising, then, that the scientific community has no firm concept on how plate tectonics got started. This month, a new answer has been put forward by Dr. Alexander Webb of the Division of Earth and Planetary Science & Laboratory for Space Research at the University of Hong Kong, in collaboration with an international team in a paper published in Nature Communications. Webb serves as corresponding author on the new work.

Comment: Regarding the expanding Earth theory, in the documentary posted below, Neal Adams makes a good argument that this is actually what is happening - however it may be that there is even more to the story when it comes to plate tectonics:


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