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Fri, 29 Oct 2021
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Cultural Exchange: China's surprising Bronze Age mummies

Beauty of Loulan
© Barbara Demick/LA Times
Visitors look at the "Beauty of Loulan" at the museum in Urumqi.
The most remarkable thing about the 'Beauty of Loulan' and the rest? They appear to be of ancient Caucasians. They were found in an area of China that was a crossroads between Asia and Europe.
Almost invariably when visitors approach the middle-aged woman enshrined in a climatized exhibit case in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region Museum, they pause and do a double take. What gets the most attention is her nose: high-bridged, slightly hooked, the sort of nose that reminds you of Meryl Streep.

Then a little gasp. "Weiguoren!" (A foreigner!), one young woman exclaimed to her friends. They were touring the museum earlier this month on a Chinese public holiday.

Nearly 4,000 years after her death, the so-called Beauty of Loulan still has the ability to amaze.

She is one of hundreds of Bronze Age mummies discovered in the shifting desert sands of northwestern China's Xinjiang region, where thousands more still lie buried. Unlike the embalmed mummies of ancient Egypt, they were preserved naturally by the elements, which in some ways makes them more interesting. They represent an extended span of history dating from 1800 BC to as recently as the Ching dynasty (1644-1912) and a range of human experience. Some were kings and warriors, others housewives and farmers.

"They were ordinary people who lived and died in Xinjiang over the ages,'' said Wang Binghua, a retired archaeologist who exhumed many of the mummies.

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Scientists Propose a One-Way Manned Mission to Mars

Earth and Mars
© NASA
Earth and Mars.

For anyone who's ever felt the urge to get away from it all, Dirk Schulze-Makuch and Paul Davies have a proposal: a one-way ticket to Mars with no possibility of return.

You and a stranger would board a spacecraft and travel for six months - absorbing levels of radiation so high that your reproductive organs would be destroyed - before arriving at your new planet. There you would live in an ice cave, or perhaps inside a biosphere adjoining a cave, for the rest of your life (which, incidentally, would be 20 years or less). Two other Earth ex-pats would arrive in their own craft, and together the four of you would prepare a home for 150 more people, most of whom would arrive decades after your death.

Sound enticing? It does to many people, say Mr. Davies, of Arizona State University, and Mr. Schulze-Makuch, of Washington State University.

Meteor

Scientists to Discuss Ways to Deal with an Asteroid Impact

Image
© NASA
Collage of known asteroids
How would the world react to the threat of an asteroid impact?

This is the topic of a three-day workshop on Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) and the dangers they present, that will be held in Darmstadt, Germany next week.

An ESA statement says:
The high-level Mission Planning and Operations Group (MPOG) workshop is the latest in a series organised to report to the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and includes representatives from major space agencies, NASA astronauts, the Secure World Foundation and the Association of Space Explorers.
"The workshop series is focusing on plans and recommendations for global coordination and response in the event that an asteroid or other object is found to pose an impact threat to Earth," says workshop coordinator Detlef Koschny from ESA.

Meteor

Mars meteorite controversy continues

ALH84001
© NASA
The meteorite ALH84001.
The most illustrious meteorite in history continues to inspire heated debate. Does it carry microbial fossils from Mars or are its strange features just the product of some unique geochemistry? After almost 20 years, dueling papers are still coming out, and the opposing parties are no closer to a resolution.

Most scientists agree that the meteorite ALH84001 is the oldest meteorite ever found to have come from Mars.

"The meteorite is so old that if Martian life existed back then, it probably floated by the rock at some point," says Timothy Swindle of the University of Arizona. "But did it leave any record?"

In 1996, one research group claimed yes, sending shock waves through the scientific community and beyond. President Bill Clinton made a special address on the apparent discovery, and the media widely broadcasted the scientists' images of what appeared to be dead "bug" remains from the rock. Had we finally met our neighbors?

The iconic meteorite became the grist for many imaginations. The TV show The X-files depicted an ALH84001 look-a-like with live bugs in it, and a Dan Brown novel imagined a conspiracy to cover-up extraterrestrial evidence from a space rock.

Satellite

Our Moon is wet and welcoming, says excited NASA

Crater bottom pole-plunge probe's moist bonanza

The Moon has water in usable amounts in one of its south-polar craters, scientists have announced. The news means that manned Moonbases could potentially be much cheaper to operate than they would otherwise be.

Results from NASA's Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) reveal sizeable amounts of ice crystals in the Moon's permanently shaded craters.

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How a Psychopath is Made

psychopath
© unknown
In 1941, American psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley published a seminal book about psychopaths called The Mask of Sanity, in which he described an intelligent and cunning person skilled at manipulating others and indifferent to their pain. A man like this, Dr. Cleckley explained, finds no real meaning in love or horror or humour, as if "colour blind" to human feeling.

Succeeding on his superficial charm and purity of focus, he walks the paces of a normal person, yet carries "disaster lightly in each hand." A man like this can wear the uniform of social responsibility, even pilot planes for the Queen of England, and be quite a different beast inside.

These traits come remarkably close to describing the horror of Russell Williams.

"I don't know the answers," the former Air Force commander said in his confession, when asked if he'd reflected on his crimes. "And I am pretty sure the answers don't matter."

Society would beg to differ. Since his arrest, we've been wondering: How did he get away with it? Most of those grim details we now know. But science is closing in on the answer to a more compelling question: What made him become the kind of man who would want to?

Robot

Robot goes berserk in Balkan lab: 6 boffins given dead arms

Vending-machine repair unit's violent rampage

The location: Deep in remote East-central Europe, the very stamping grounds of Igor and Dr Frankenstein. The scene: A laboratory, where dedicated scientists are toiling to create powerful artificial servants for the betterment of humanity - admittedly, using methods that their professional colleagues might deem questionable.

We all know what happens next. But life just isn't like that in reality.

Except that today it is, because reports are coming in from Slovenia of a horrifying and yet unambiguously newsworthy incident in which several scientists have reportedly been set upon and brutally beaten by a robot they were working on in their Ljubljana laboratory.

"A powerful robot has been hitting people over and over again," reports New Scientist, which broke the news of the mechanical rampage to an astonished world.

Robot

Feds Plot 'Near Human' Robot Docs, Farmers, Troops

i-Robot
© 20th Century Fox

Robots are already vacuuming our carpets, heading into combat and assisting docs on medical procedures. Get ready for a next generation of "near human" bots that'll do a lot more: independently perform surgeries, harvest our crops and herd our livestock, and even administer drugs from within our own bodies.

Those are only a few of the suggested applications for robots in a massive new federal research program. The military's blue-sky research arm, Darpa, is pairing up with four other agencies, including the National Institutes of Health, the United States Department of Agriculture, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Homeland Security, to launch a major push that'd revolutionize robotic capabilities and put bots pretty much everywhere, from hospitals to dude ranches to "explosive atmospheres."

In a single mega-solicitation for small business proposals, the agencies note that robotics technology is "poised for explosive growth," thanks to rapid improvements in microprocessing, algorithms and sensors. Of course, Darpa's been behind much of the progress. The agency has already launched programs to create a real-life C3PO, a bot that can match human intellect and a four-legged BigDog robo-beast. Not to mention the organization's ongoing research into cognition and neural control, including efforts to map monkey minds to yield neurally controlled prosthetics.

Magnify

Lies, Damned Lies, and Medical Science

In 2001, rumors were circulating in Greek hospitals that surgery residents, eager to rack up scalpel time, were falsely diagnosing hapless Albanian immigrants with appendicitis. At the University of Ioannina medical school's teaching hospital, a newly minted doctor named Athina Tatsioni was discussing the rumors with colleagues when a professor who had overheard asked her if she'd like to try to prove whether they were true - he seemed to be almost daring her. She accepted the challenge and, with the professor's and other colleagues' help, eventually produced a formal study showing that, for whatever reason, the appendices removed from patients with Albanian names in six Greek hospitals were more than three times as likely to be perfectly healthy as those removed from patients with Greek names. "It was hard to find a journal willing to publish it, but we did," recalls Tatsioni. "I also discovered that I really liked research." Good thing, because the study had actually been a sort of audition. The professor, it turned out, had been putting together a team of exceptionally brash and curious young clinicians and Ph.D.s to join him in tackling an unusual and controversial agenda.

Telescope

LCROSS Mission May Have Struck Silver on the Moon

Image
© T. A. Rector/I. P. Dell'Antonio/NOAO/AURA/NSF
Silver was found in small amounts in lunar rocks collected by the Apollo astronauts, and now its spectral signature may have been spotted by NASA's LCROSS mission
The title of the 1909 hit song "By the Light of the Silvery Moon" was not just poetic, it was also prophetic. A NASA spacecraft that crashed into the moon last year has found what appears to be silver, perhaps buried under a small layer of moon dust.

Last October, NASA crash-landed a rocket near the lunar south pole, lofting water in the resulting debris. Newly published studies of this mission, called LCROSS, reveal that about 5.6 per cent of the ejected material was water, and that similar concentrations of water may exist under the surface in a "permafrost" layer. Lead scientist Anthony Colaprete at NASA's Ames Research Center in California estimates that there could be a billion gallons of water within 10 kilometres of the probe's impact site.

Other chemicals were also detected in the impact plume by a spacecraft flying behind the impactor. "We're seeing a kitchen sink of other stuff that may be useful for human exploration," says Michael Wargo, NASA's chief lunar scientist.

One of the big surprises was two strong ultraviolet emission lines of silver. Because they appeared a few seconds after impact, Colaprete and his colleagues suspect that the silver might be in a layer of rock buried below the surface.