Science & Technology
The fliers belonged to four species some researchers call supergiant pterosaurs, flying reptiles such as Quetzalcoatlus northropi from Texas, ScienceNews.org reported.
First appearing 70 million years ago, they were about as tall as a modern giraffe and flew on membrane wings.
American developers say they have produced a "next-generation" version of the well-known Human Universal Load Carrier (HULC™) robotic exoskeleton suit for the US Army. The machine is now to be tested in laboratories for resistance to "sand, wind, rain, temperature and humidity".
International boffins are mounting a determined diplomatic push to end the practice of measuring mass by reference to a 130-year-old metal cylinder kept in France, saying that the French ingot is no longer up to the job.
The Consultative Committee for Units, whose chairman is Blighty's Professor I M Mills FRS, and which counts among its members the UK National Physical Laboratory and the US National Institute for Standards and Technology, has recommended that the Système International d'Unités (SI Units system) move to define the unit of mass - the kilogramme - more accurately.
In a boon for those anticipating future discovery of alien life and/or human colonisation of other worlds, NASA boffins say that their latest analysis indicates that almost one in four stars may be orbited by planets as small as Earth.
"We studied planets of many masses - like counting boulders, rocks and pebbles in a canyon - and found more rocks than boulders, and more pebbles than rocks. Our ground-based technology can't see the grains of sand, the Earth-size planets, but we can estimate their numbers," says Andrew Howard, boss scientist of the team conducting the study.
The result?
The new research indicated that the appearance of large predatory fish as well as vascular plants approximately 400 million years ago coincided with an increase in oxygen, to levels comparable to those we experience today.
If so, then animals from before that time appeared and evolved under markedly lower oxygen conditions than previously thought.
The method can be used to estimate global oxygen levels in ancient oceans from the chemical composition of ancient seafloor sediments.
It should be the kind of dream that most of us have now and then - a sequence of images and sensations that are jumbled, episodic, unlinked, possibly on the crazy side. At its grotesquely pictorial best, the ideal dream is depicted in Inception, the new blockbuster movie in which Leonardo DiCaprio and Ellen Page can bend streets, walk up walls, and obliterate a cafe by the force of thought. The actors are able to manipulate the scenario to their will. They know they are dreaming. They can, and do, change the dream's scenario.
Can ordinary folk do that? The departments of cognitive science at several western universities believe many of us can. At Swansea, for instance, Professor Mark Blagrove runs a sleep laboratory. He is an expert in lucid dreams, that is to say, dreams over which the slumberer has more or less complete control. Always, that sort of dreamer is aware that he is safely in bed experiencing a cinema of the mind. He can re-arrange the content.

At first astronomers though the object designated P/2010 A2 was a comet, but this Hubble Space Telescope image, taken January 29, 2010, with the Wide Field Camera 3, suggests that it wasn't behaving like a normal comet.
Still, planetary astronomers acknowledge the existence of a handful of legitimate comets in the asteroid belt, and initially it appeared that the count had risen to five when the LINEAR survey spotted something with a tail last January 6th. Within hours it earned the designation P/2010 A2, indicating its stature as a periodic comet.

The Stanford researchers' study suggests that the need to take a break to clear your mind is all in your head.
It could happen to students cramming for exams, people working long hours or just about anyone burning the candle at both ends: Something tells you to take a break. Watch some TV. Have a candy bar. Goof off, tune out for a bit and come back to the task at hand when you're feeling better. After all, you're physically exhausted.
But a new study from Stanford psychologists suggests the urge to refresh (or just procrastinate) is - well - all in your head.
In a paper published this week in Psychological Science, the researchers challenge a long-held theory that willpower - defined as the ability to resist temptation and stay focused on a demanding task - is a limited resource. Scientists have argued that when willpower is drained, the only way to restore it is by recharging our bodies with rest, food or some other physical distraction that takes you away from whatever is burning you out.
Not so, says the Stanford team. Instead, they've found that a person's mindset and personal beliefs about willpower determine how long and how well they'll be able to work on a tough mental exercise.
What is the most annoying thing you hear people say? "I was sat", or "between you and I", or "for free" or "Can I get a coffee?" or controversy stressed on the wrong syllable, or perhaps simply the name of the letter aitch pronounced haitch?
It does seem odd that other people cannot speak their own language properly and so career (or careen as foolish folk say) like wildebeest into the crocodile-infested shallows of the latest wrong turning of the English language. This is of more than amateur interest.
Untouchables in India, as we reported yesterday, are to open a temple to the Goddess English. It will contain an idol of Lord Macaulay. This has put the cat among the pigeons, for Macaulay, when he went to India in 1834, took no interest in Indian literature or antiquities except as evidence of the superiority of all things European.
His Minute on Indian Education urged the colonial administration to establish "a class of persons, Indian in blood and color, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect" to be made fit for "conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population".









