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Wed, 27 Oct 2021
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Brain

Nature plus nurture: How biology breaks the 'cerebral mystique'

brain
© yodiyim/iStockphoto
Changing minds: Many people view the brain as special and separate from the rest of the body. Alan Jasanoff argues that this "cerebral mystique" is the wrong way to think about the brain.
The Biological Mind explores how the brain, body and environment make us who we are

At a small eatery in Seville, Spain, Alan Jasanoff had his first experience with brains - wrapped in eggs and served with potatoes. At the time, he was more interested in finding a good, affordable meal than contemplating the sheer awesomeness of the organ he was eating. Years later, Jasanoff began studying the brain as part of his training as a neuroscientist, and he went on, like so many others, to revere it. It is said, after all, to be the root of our soul and consciousness. But today, Jasanoff has yet another view: He has come to see our awe of the organ as a seriously flawed way of thinking, and even a danger to society.

In The Biological Mind, Jasanoff, now a neuroscientist at MIT, refers to the romanticized view of the brain - its separateness and superiority to the body and its depiction as almost supernatural - as the "cerebral mystique." Such an attitude has been fueled, in part, by images that depict the brain without any connection to the body or by analogies that compare the brain to a computer. Admittedly, the brain does have tremendous computing power. But Jasanoff's goal is to show that the brain doesn't work as a distinct, mystical entity, but as a ball of flesh awash with fluids and innately in tune with the rest of the body and the environment. "Self" doesn't just come from the brain, he explains, but also from the interactions of chemicals from our bodies with everything else around us.

Comment: We may not be just our brains, but like a car, it's worth learning how it operates to get the best use out of it.


Robot

Nissan unveils technology that can interpret signals from the brains of drivers

Nissan tech for driver's brains
© Nissan
Nissan claims to have developed a car that can read its driver's mind.

Software adapted from the medical profession is translating a driver's thoughts into action to improve vehicle responsiveness. The technology will be unveiled at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas next week.

The software monitors brain wave activity to anticipate intended movement, be that turning the steering wheel or hitting the brakes. Nissan says the system can react between 0.2-0.5 second faster than the driver without being considered intrusive.

The B2V technology is meant to make driving more enjoyable in a semi-autonomous world by speeding up reaction times and having vehicles that constantly adapt to their owner's driving style.

Sun

Massive X-class solar storm set to hit Earth tomorrow, potential trouble for satellites, power grid

solar flare
© NASA
A solar storm caused by an X-Class solar flare facing directly towards earth is likely to hit tomorrow. The brunt of the activity will be in the higher latitudes, however the aurora it generates could result in Northern Lights as far south as Michigan and Maine, as well as parts of Scotland and Northern England.


Telescope

Astronomers suspect the Milky Way's excess gamma rays are emitted from dying stars

gamma-ray sky
© NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration
The Fermi view of the gamma-ray sky.
Astronomers have found that a strange excess of gamma rays coming from the heart of the Milky Way isn't the product of dark matter after all. They argue it's actually coming from a profusion of very old stars that we have yet to identify.

Dark matter can't be detected, and its hypothetical presence can only be inferred by its effect on the space around it. For example, if there's more mass in a region of space than there should be, it's usually attributed to dark matter. That doesn't mean it exists, but it's a useful explanation until a better one comes along.

Something else that has been attributed to dark matter is what astronomers call the gamma-ray excess. It's exactly what it sounds like. Gamma rays are the highest-energy electromagnetic waves in the Universe, produced by the most intense objects - such as pulsars, neutron stars, colliding neutron stars, black holes, and supernovae.

When NASA's Fermi telescope took a gamma-ray picture of the Milky Way over five years, after all known gamma-ray sources were subtracted, we ended up with a gamma-ray glow in the heart of the Milky Way that couldn't be accounted for.

Microscope 1

Bone density scans show Archaeopteryx was capable of active flight

Archaeopteryx flight
© ESRF
Dennis Voeten indicates the bone wall thickness of the 'Chicken Wing' specimen of Archaeopteryx on the top computer screen for comparison against the bone walls of a primitive pterosaur on the bottom screen. A three-dimensional model of the 'Chicken Wing' is held up, the referred bone cross section is that of the humerus, the uppermost arm bone visible most right on the 3-D-printed model.
The question of whether the Late Jurassic dino-bird Archaeopteryx was an elaborately feathered ground dweller, a glider, or an active flyer has fascinated palaeontologists for decades. Valuable new information obtained with state-of-the-art synchrotron microtomography at the ESRF, the European Synchrotron (Grenoble, France), allowed an international team of scientists to answer this question in Nature Communications. The wing bones of Archaeopteryx were shaped for incidental active flight, but not for the advanced style of flying mastered by today's birds.

Was Archaeopteryx capable of flying, and if so, how? Although it is common knowledge that modern-day birds descended from extinct dinosaurs, many questions on their early evolution and the development of avian flight remain unanswered. Traditional research methods have thus far been unable to answer the question whether Archaeopteryx flew or not. Using synchrotron microtomography at the ESRF's beamline ID19 to probe inside Archaeopteryx fossils, an international team of scientists from the ESRF, Palacký University, Czech Republic, CNRS and Sorbonne University, France, Uppsala University, Sweden, and Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum Solnhofen, Germany, shed new light on this earliest of birds.

Palette

Researchers develop ultra-white coating by mimicking beetle scales

white beetle
© Olimpia Onelli
Cyphochilus beetle.
Researchers have developed a super-thin, non-toxic, lightweight, edible ultra-white coating that could be used to make brighter paints and coatings, for use in the cosmetic, food or pharmaceutical industries.

The material - which is 20 times whiter than paper - is made from non-toxic cellulose and achieves such bright whiteness by mimicking the structure of the ultra-thin scales of certain types of beetle. The results are reported in the journal Advanced Materials.

Bright colours are usually produced using pigments, which absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, which our eyes then perceive as colour.

To appear as white, however, all wavelengths of light need to be reflected with the same efficiency. Most commercially-available white products - such as sun creams, cosmetics and paints - incorporate highly refractive particles (usually titanium dioxide or zinc oxide) to reflect light efficiently. These materials, while considered safe, are not fully sustainable or biocompatible.

Info

Fastest burst of radio waves detected by astronomers

Radio Waves
© YouTube
We like to think we know a lot about space. We can identify the chemical composition of an exoplanet's atmosphere from light-years away, simulate conditions on an alien planet, and we almost figured out time travel using black holes. All of that only scratches the surface, though-we still don't know what dark matter is, if there's alien life out there, or even what's causing these incredibly powerful, extremely short bursts of radio waves that we've been detecting for years. The latter is especially intriguing though-especially considering astronomers have just discovered the brightest radio burst yet.

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) were only discovered in 2007, and though we've detected over 30 of them, no one knows for sure where they come from or why they're so powerful. Neutron stars, pulsars, and black holes have all been put forward as candidates, but all we know is that the source packs an incredible amount of power.

"While astronomers don't know all that much about FRBs-only tens of bursts have ever been detected-we can infer some intriguing details about them," said Danny Price, who works for the Breakthrough Listen Project.

Nuke

Defense Ministry: Russia's next-gen hypersonic and nuclear weapons 'not a bluff, but new reality'

MiG-31 takes off with Kinzhal missile attached
© Russia's Ministry of Defense
MiG-31 takes off with Kinzhal missile attached
Russia's Deputy Defense Minister has hinted at an early start to the mass production of the boost-glide Avangard hypersonic systems and has shared new details about Russia's other recently-unveiled, seemingly futuristic weapons.

"This is not a bluff, but a reality," Yury Borisov told Russian Ministry of Defense news outlet, Krasnaya Zvezda.

During his March 1 address to the Federal Assembly, President Vladimir Putin had already announced a number of technological breakthroughs, developed over recent years to maintain the balance of power in the wake of the US anti-ballistic missile shield expansion.

The hypersonic Avangard boost-glide system, which has been presented only in a CGI video, has been already "thoroughly tested,"according to Borisov. The device is a sort of payload delivery system, to be fitted into upper stages of strategic ballistic missiles.

Bizarro Earth

Jackson, Mississippi's hidden volcano

Image
© Bill Pitts
Illustration
I grew up in a family of "Rockhounds" and amateur geologists; my parents were among the founding members of the Mississippi Gem & Mineral Society. Therefore, my childhood memories don't include a day that I "learned about the volcano." It was always a part of my world, a ghost from the past.

I accepted the fact that I had a volcano underfoot but, for me, the awareness ended there. Growing up with this knowledge, I never thought to question it. Various adult sources placed the throat of the volcano at Fossil Gulch on the Nature Trail in what was then known as Riverside Park, now Lefleur's Bluff State Park in Jackson. Others adults told me that Millsaps College had the eminence of being located directly over the mouth. But try as I could, I never spotted what remained of the volcano's cone; there was no indication of danger underfoot. In my childish imagination, I anticipated a cataclysmic eruption. Needless to say, I was disappointed.

Image
© Bill Pitts
This memory receded with age as other more immediate matters took its place. Then, while finding out why the waters of the Alligator Pond at Leroy Percy State Park are a constant 88° F year-round for another article, I was reminded of our hidden volcano. Dr. David Dockery, Director of the Surface Geology Division of the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Geology, mentioned the Jackson gas field that was discovered in the 1930s. This field, he said, tapped "the Jackson Gas Rock...a reef that grew over the old volcano." The ghost had returned.

Galaxy

Imaging a galaxy's rapid molecular outflow

HubbleMergingGalaxies
© NASA/HST
A Hubble image of the merging galaxies NGC 6240. Like other luminous mergers, this one hosts a rapid flow of molecular gas. Astronomers have now imaged the carbon monoxide gas in the central regions and found it forms jet-like outflows driven by activity around the black holes.
A merger between galaxies can trigger intense radiation from bursts star formation and from the accretion of gas onto the two supermassive black holes at their centers. Astronomers have observed a strong statistical correlation between the masses of these black holes and other properties of the galaxies like their velocity structure or luminosity, and have concluded that there must be a connection.

Feedback of some kind seems most likely to explain these correlations, and astronomers have been working to identify its source and nature. One prominent suggestion for feedback is an outflow of molecular gas; once turned on, it would deplete the galaxy of the raw material needed for making new stars and from further enhancing the black hole's mass. Evidence for molecular outflows has been reported in far infrared lines of molecules, but these spectral results lack the convincing spatial information needed to associate the activity with the nuclei themselves.

CfA astronomer Junko Ueda is a member of a team of fifteen astronomers who used the ALMA submillimeter telescope facility, with its superb spatial imaging capabilities, to study the outflow in the luminous galaxy NGC6240, known to be a luminous merger in its late stages. Its double nuclei, separated by a modest two thousand light-years, has already been seen at wavelengths from the X-ray to the radio. The astronomers used one of the spectral lines from the abundant molecule carbon monoxide to probe the inner region of the galaxy. The line also revealed the presence of gas motions of up to two thousand kilometers per second, consistent with a powerful wind driving a massive flow of material out of the galaxy.