Science & Technology
Pulsars are rotating neutron stars that produce highly periodic bursts of radio waves. So accurate are pulsar signals that when they were discovered, astronomers gave serious credence to the idea that they were evidence of intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe because they were unmatched by anything physicists could make on Earth. This has lead to the widespread belief that pulsars are the most accurate clocks in the Universe.
40 years later, astronomers have yet to work out exactly how pulsars generate such accurate signals. But physicists on the other hand, have been working hard to find their own ways to better the performance of pulsars.
Today, John Hartnett and Andre Luiten at the University of Western Australia ask whether Earth-bound time pieces have usurped their astrophysical rivals as the best clocks in the Universe.
The discovery creates "an urgent need" for further research to understand the methane release and its possible impact, researchers say in the new issue of Science.
In order to make this discovery, Natalia Shakhova from the Russian Academy of Sciences, along with colleagues from the University of Alaska and Stockholm University, traveled on Russian ice-breaker ships each year from 2003 to 2008 to survey the waters above the remote East Siberian Arctic Shelf; they also made one helicopter survey and an over-ice winter expedition to the region. After more than 5000 painstaking observations at sea, the researchers found that 80% of the bottom water and more than 50% of the surface water over that continental shelf is supersaturated with methane originating from the permafrost below.
After water vapor and carbon dioxide, methane is the third most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, and the researchers warn that this unforeseen flux of the gas into the atmosphere could alter the global climate in unexpected ways.

New Zealand's Kauri trees can measure up to four metres wide and live for up to 2,000 years.
The team, led by Exeter University, has been awarded a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council to carry out carbon dating and other analyses of the kauri tree rings. The trees store an immense amount of information about rapid and extreme climate change in the past. For instance, wide ring widths are associated with cool dry summer conditions. The scientists believe their findings will help us understand what future climate change may bring.
Tree rings are now known to be an excellent resource for extracting very precise and detailed data on atmospheric carbon from a particular time period. Therefore this study could help plug a large gap in our knowledge of climate change by extending historical weather records that only date back to the mid-nineteenth century.
The goal is to build miniature robots the size of a coin that could search for earthquake victims trapped deep in rubble or help the military chart the movements of insurgents in hostile terrain.
Teams from the University of New South Wales and collaborators at Oxford University in Britain exposed the locusts to wind-tunnel experiments and used high-speed digital video cameras to record how the shape of a locust's fast-moving wings changes in flight and to unlock the keys to the insect's manoeuvrability.
Researchers have, for the first time, been able to solve some of the mysteries that make the desert locust such a streamlined flyer. They constructed a three-dimensional map that demonstrates a complex flapping movement that allows the locust to travel vast distances on limited reserves of energy.
The new species of hominid, the evolutionary branch of primates that includes humans, will be revealed when the 2-million-year-old skeleton of a child is unveiled this week.
Scientists believe the almost-complete fossilised skeleton belonged to a previously unknown type of early human ancestor that may have been an intermediate stage as ape-men evolved into the first species of advanced humans, Homo habilis.
Experts who have seen the skeleton say it shares characteristics with Homo habilis, whose emergence 2.5 million years ago is seen as a key stage in the evolution of our species. It is thought it will be identified as a species that fits somewhere between Australopithicus and Homo habilis.
One important factor seems to be how well our neurons can talk to each other. Martijn van den Heuvel, a neuroscientist at Utrecht University Medical Center in the Netherlands, found that smarter brains seem to have more efficient networks between neurons - in other words, it takes fewer steps to relay a message between different regions of the brain. That could explain about a third of the variation in a population's IQ, he says.
Another key factor is the insulating fatty sheath encasing neuron fibres, which affects the speed of electrical signals. Paul Thompson at the University of California, Los Angeles, has found a correlation between IQ and the quality of the sheaths (The Journal of Neuroscience, vol 29, p 2212).

Riders and horn blowers appear next to hunting dogs on what is called the Hilton of Cadboll stone, pictured here.
The Gist:
- A new written language, belonging to the early Pict society of Scotland, has just been identified.
- Stylized rock engravings have been found on hundreds of Pictish Stones.
- If the writing can be deciphered, it would provide a unique insight into early Scottish history.
In the current Journal of Archaeological Science, a team led by Bernardo Arriaza of Chile's Universidad de Tarapaca analyzed hair from 45 Andean mummies taken from ten sites some 7,000 to 600 years old. The mummies dried in Chile's Atacama desert region, one of the most parched regions on Earth. They were deliberately mummified with sticks, reeds and clay, given wigs and distinctive caps.
"This group of hunter-gatherers differed significantly from modern Swedes in terms of the DNA sequence that we generally associate with a capacity to digest lactose into adulthood," says Anna Linderholm, formerly of the Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, presently at University College Cork, Ireland.









