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Cannibalism: A new way to stop disease transmission?


PhysOrg
Mon, 10 Jul 2017 18:25 UTC
Large armyworm
© Ben Van Allen/UCSD
A large fall armyworm is about to cannibalize a smaller diseased armyworm of the same age.
Cannibalism may be just what the doctor ordered, according to a new study that will be published in American Naturalist led by former LSU postdoctoral researcher and current University of California, San Diego, or UCSD, postdoctoral researcher Benjamin Van Allen, along with other individuals in Bret Elderd lab's at LSU and Volker Rudolf's lab at Rice University.

LSU Department of Biological Sciences Associate Professor Bret Elderd investigates how various factors affect disease transmission in insects, particularly in Lepidoptera, an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths. With his lab group, Elderd looks at how factors including protective chemicals produced by plants that insects eat and changes in temperature can either quicken or dampen the spread of disease. By studying these and other factors, Elderd's work may help other researchers create environmentally friendly bioinsecticides to protect crops like soybeans, for example. But Van Allen, Elderd and colleagues are finding that cannibalism may be an understudied factor in the spread of disease.
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Sun

A 75,000-mile-wide spot has appeared on the sun - and experts warn it could knock out communications satellites and cause blackouts on Earth

Shivali Best
Daily Mail
Wed, 12 Jul 2017 18:26 UTC
This sunspot is the first to appear after the sun was spotless for 2 days. Like freckles on the face of the sun, they appear to be small features, but size is relative: The dark core of this sunspot is larger than Earth as shown by this graphic

This sunspot is the first to appear after the sun was spotless for 2 days. Like freckles on the face of the sun, they appear to be small features, but size is relative: The dark core of this sunspot is larger than Earth as shown by this graphic
A huge spot has appeared on the sun that could send dangerous solar flares down to Earth.

The sunspot, dubbed AR2665, is 74,560 miles (120,000 kilometres) wide - big enough to be seen from Earth.

Experts have warned that the spot is large enough to produce 'M-class' solar flares, which can cause radio blackouts on Earth, knock out communications satellites and create radiation storms.

Nasa's Solar Dynamics Observatory first detected the huge spot last week, and it appears to have lingered through to this week.

Sunspots are darker, cooler areas on the surface of the sun, caused by interactions with the sun's magnetic field.

They tend to appear in regions of intense magnetic activity, and when that energy is released, solar flares and huge storms erupt from sunspots.

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Telescope

Boyajian's star: Another possibility

Susanna Kohler
AAS Nova
Fri, 07 Jul 2017 17:16 UTC
Boyajian's star
© NASA/JPL/Cal Tech
An illustration depicts what Boyajian's star may look like. The star demonstrates inexplicable changes in brightness, and one hypothesis, illustrated here, is that pieces of a broken planet are blocking the star's light.
The unusual light curve of the star KIC 8462852, also known as "Tabby's star" or "Boyajian's star", has puzzled us since its discovery last year. A new study now explores whether the star's missing flux is due to internal blockage rather than something outside of the star.

Mysterious Dips

Boyajian's star shows unusual episodes of dimming in its light curve by as much as 20%, each lasting a few to tens of days and separated by periods of typically hundreds of days. In addition, archival observations show that it has gradually faded by roughly 15% over the span of the last hundred years. What could be causing both the sporadic flux dips and the long-term fading of this odd star?

Explanations thus far have varied from mundane to extreme. Alien megastructures, pieces of smashed planets or comets orbiting the star, and intervening interstellar medium have all been proposed as possible explanations — but these require some object external to the star. A new study by researcher Peter Foukal proposes an alternative: what if the source of the flux obstruction is the star itself?

Comment: See also: Mystery of 'alien megastructure' star still baffles astronomers

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Telescope

Chinese researchers just teleported the first object from the ground to Earth's orbit

Sarah Marquart
Business Insider
Wed, 12 Jul 2017 00:00 UTC
earth
© shutterstock
Not long ago, in the early 1990s, scientists only speculated that teleportation using quantum physics could be possible.

Since then, the process has become a standard operation in quantum optics labs around the world. In fact, just last year, two teams conducted the world's first quantum teleportation outside a laboratory.

Now, researchers in China have taken the process a few steps further: They successfully teleported a photon from Earth to a satellite orbiting more than 311 miles away.

The satellite, called Micius, is a highly sensitive photo receiver capable of detecting the quantum states of single photons fired from the ground. Micius was launched to allow scientists to test various technological building blocks for quantum feats including entanglement, cryptography, and teleportation.

This teleportation feat was announced as one of the first results of these experiments. The group not only teleported the first object from the ground to orbit but also created the first satellite-to-ground quantum network, smashing the record for the longest distance for which entanglement has been measured.
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Bulb

Researchers: Messy desks may be a sign of genius

Sarah Young
The Independent
Tue, 11 Jul 2017 17:08 UTC
messy desk

What does your work space say about you? (Mark Twain pictured)
Is your desk overflowing with scraps of paper, coffee cups, envelopes and wilted plants? Well, far from being idle, it turns out you might just be a creative genius.

In world where 'cleanliness is next to godliness' is a well-valued idiom, being a messy person can often be mistaken as a hallmark of laziness. But thanks to a recent study, researchers have found there is a method to this madness.

Proving that sometimes working in mess is much more productive than precision and order, researchers at the University of Minnesota found that creative geniuses favor a chaotic workspace.
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Bulb

Better than Star Wars: Chemists invent technology for making animated 3-D table-top objects by structuring light

Margaret Allen
Phys.org
Tue, 11 Jul 2017 00:00 UTC
SMU 3-D light pad
© SMU
SMU chemist Dr. Alex Lippert and his lab developed the SMU 3-D light pad (shown here). It includes an ultraviolet projector and a visible projector, which project patterns of light into a chamber of photoactivatable dye. Wherever the UV light intersects with the green light it generates a 3-dimensional image inside the chamber.
A scientist's dream of 3-D projections like those he saw years ago in a Star Wars movie has led to new technology for making animated 3-D table-top objects by structuring light.

The new technology uses photoswitch molecules to bring to life 3-D light structures that are viewable from 360 degrees, says chemist Alexander Lippert, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, who led the research.

The economical method for shaping light into an infinite number of volumetric objects would be useful in a variety of fields, from biomedical imaging, education and engineering, to TV, movies, video games and more.

"Our idea was to use chemistry and special photoswitch molecules to make a 3-D display that delivers a 360-degree view," Lippert said. "It's not a hologram, it's really three-dimensionally structured light."

Key to the technology is a molecule that switches between non-fluorescent and fluorescent in reaction to the presence or absence of ultraviolet light.

The new technology is not a hologram, and differs from 3-D movies or 3-D computer design. Those are flat displays that use binocular disparity or linear perspective to make objects appear three-dimensional when in fact they only have height and width and lack a true volume profile.
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Telescope

The curious connections between quantum entanglement, UFOs and black budgets

Arjun Walia
Collective Evolution
Mon, 10 Jul 2017 00:00 UTC
Quantum Entanglement
Quantum entanglement: a phenomenon that Einstein thought was so "spooky" that there was no way it could be valid, posits that the "space" between physical objects isn't actually empty space as our senses perceive it to be, but rather, that either information is travelling faster than the speed of light, or even better, instantaneously with no "time" involved.

It implies that everything is connected, that if there was a "big bang," it happened when all physical matter was one, and then exploded out into little pieces that spread throughout the cosmos. The tricky part to understand is that all those little piece, those plants, those starts, and all the intelligent life that has most certainly formed, is still all connected in some sort of way we have yet to understand.
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Brain

Experimental drug reverses memory loss from brain damage in mice

Saqib Shah
Endgadget.com
Tue, 11 Jul 2017 15:24 UTC
lab mice
© Getty Images
An experimental drug could have major implications for patients suffering from memory disabilities caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI). In tests, the drug known as ISRIB completely restored the ability to learn and remember in brain-injured mice -- even on those that were treated up to a month after injury. The findings are contrary to most research on brain trauma, which claims treatments must be carried out urgently to preserve normal function.

Although scientists have had some recent breakthroughs countering memory loss, TBI has been tougher to crack. Dozens of promising treatments have failed clinical trials, and no approved therapies are available. Currently, TBI (commonly caused by accidents, collisions, falls, and violent assaults) affects close to 2 million people every year in the US -- that boils down to one person every 21 seconds. Additionally, sports injuries (such as concussions) and military combat are other leading causes of TBI. Concerns over brain trauma have even led the army to start working on blast amor that can detect whether an explosion has hurt your brain.
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Snowflake Cold

New study blows global warming 'greenhouse theory out of the water'

Alex Newman
World News Daily
Sat, 08 Jul 2017 14:10 UTC
snow mountain range global warming
'All observed climatic changes have natural causes completely outside of human control'

A new scientific paper contends the entire foundation of the man-made global-warming theory - the assumption that greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere by trapping heat - is wrong. If confirmed, the study's findings would crush the entire "climate change" movement to restrict CO2 emissions, the authors assert. Some experts contacted by WND criticized the paper, while others advised caution.

Still others suggested that the claimed discovery represents a massive leap forward in human understanding - a "new paradigm."

The paper argues that concentrations of CO2 and other supposed "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere have virtually no effect on the earth's temperature. They conclude the entire greenhouse gas theory is incorrect.

Instead, the earth's "greenhouse" effect is a function of the sun and atmospheric pressure, which results from gravity and the mass of the atmosphere, rather than the amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and water vapor in the atmosphere.

The same is true for other planets and moons with a hard surface, the authors contend, pointing to the temperature and atmospheric data of various celestial bodies collected by NASA.

So precise is the formula, the authors of the paper told WND, that, by using it, they were able to correctly predict the temperature of other celestial bodies not included in their original analysis.
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Info

A map that fills in a 500-million year gap in Earth's history

AlanCollins and Andrew Merdith
The Conversation
Tue, 27 Jun 2017 09:33 UTC
Central Madagascar
© Alan Collins, Author provided
Fieldwork in central Madagascar, an area that records a continental collision at about 550 million years ago.
Earth is estimated to be around 4.5 billion years old, with life first appearing around 3 billion years ago.

To unravel this incredible history, scientists use a range of different techniques to determine when and where continents moved, how life evolved, how climate changed over time, when our oceans rose and fell, and how land was shaped. Tectonic plates—the huge, constantly moving slabs of rock that make up the outermost layer of the Earth, the crust—are central to all these studies.

Along with our colleagues, we have published the first whole-Earth plate tectonic map of half a billion years of Earth history, from 1,000 million years ago to 520 million years ago. The colors on the map in the YouTube video below refer to where the continents lie today. Light blue is India, Madagascar, and Arabia, magenta is Australia and Antarctica, white is Siberia, red is North America, orange is Africa, dark blue is South America, yellow is China, and green is northeast Europe.

The time range is crucial. It's a period when the Earth went through the most extreme climate swings known, from "Snowball Earth" icy extremes to super-hot greenhouse conditions, when the atmosphere got a major injection of oxygen and when multicellular life appeared and exploded in diversity.

Now with this first global map of plate tectonics through this period, we (and others) can start to assess the role of plate tectonic processes on other Earth systems and even address how movement of structures deep in our Earth may have varied over a billion year cycle.
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