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After Doomsday: How Humans Get Off Earth

Doomsday
© Karl Tate / Life's Little Mysteries
Doomsday escape scenario.

Although "doomsday" is quite unlikely from one day to the next, a humanity-exterminating event could strike at any moment. It could happen suddenly in the form of a giant, non-catalogued asteroid, or more slowly through the spread of a mutated or never-before-encountered monster virus.

Rest assured, however, that doomsday will not be a foretold supernatural event falling on a pre-selected, arbitrary date, such as tomorrow, May 21, 2011, despite the claims of a fringe Christian broadcaster in California. (Ditto for the 2012 Mayan calendar hoopla.)

But should doomsday come, and the planet were to become uninhabitable, what might humanity do to survive?

In the short term, with the end of days nigh, the outlook is bleak. Although the concept of a last-resort, fleeing-for-the-stars planetary evacuation has been given thought, it has not received any dedicated action.

Gaining knowledge of how to preserve our civilization down the eons has been a lesser-cited rationale for further advancing human spaceflight abilities. As theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking put it to Big Think last year, "our only chance of long-term survival is not to remain inward-looking on planet Earth, but to spread out into space."

Info

Dolphin, Whale Blubber Harbors Chemicals

Bottlenose Dolphin
© Getty Images
Because bottlenose dolphins are generally homebodies, chemical levels tended to reflect human activity in the area where they lived.

Toxic chemicals are accumulating in the bodies of dolphins and whales, according to two new studies, and concentrations tend to be highest in the most populated and developed areas.

The findings are not necessarily surprising. Scientists have known for years that the blubber of marine predators harbors pollutants. Still, the new studies offer the most extensive evidence yet that dolphins and whales can be sentinels for environmental contamination. By documenting levels of chemicals in blubber, scientists can now start to gauge the effects of those chemicals on the animals' health and behavior.

The research may also help illuminate potential threats to human health. Dolphins, in particular, eat the same fish we do. So, finding lots of chemicals in a particular geographic pod can signal areas that may not be safe for fishing.

"Dolphins are a nice barometer in some ways for understanding contamination of the immediate environment," said John Kucklick, a research biologist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Charleston, S.C.

Footprints

Study reshuffles crocodile family tree

Image
© Rachel Simon
An artist's conception shows the sail-backed creature known as Xilousuchus sapingensis, which existed 247 million to 252 million years ago. A new analysis of fossilized Xilousuchus bones suggests that crocodiles diverged from birds and dinosaurs earlier than some experts previously thought
A fresh analysis of a fossil found in the 1970s suggests that the family trees for crocodiles, birds and dinosaurs diverged earlier than some may have thought.

The study represents the latest chapter in a long-running debate over the relationships between dinosaurs and the ancestors of two dissimilar types of modern-day creatures - crocs and birds.

Paleontologists have traced the ancestry of all three groups to a category of common ancestors called archosaurs. The archosaurs and their cousins lived around the time of Earth's deadliest die-off, the Permian-Triassic extinction, around 252 million years ago. Teasing out the details of the archosaurs' family tree is key to understanding how birds, dinosaurs and crocodiles are linked.

"This is one of the most interesting evolutionary questions in paleontology: the origin of birds in the broadest sense," Spencer G. Lucas, curator of paleontology at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History, told me today. "If you take crocodiles, birds and dinosaurs, how do you think that evolutionary tree came together?"

Most experts say birds could actually be considered the modern-day descendants of dinosaurs, while a relative few insist that dinosaurs were more closely related to crocodiles.

Blackbox

NASA Installs Cosmic Ray Hunter on Space Station

A new tool to look at the universe debuted Thursday, with the installation of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, nicknamed AMS, on the International Space Station.

With a large powerful magnet, AMS samples from the stream of cosmic rays flying through space and processes them through a series of detectors to determine particle energy, electrical charge and position. Over time, physicists expect the mountain of data to shed light on dark matter, antimatter and other phenomena that are impervious to traditional telescopes. The 600-member science team, headed by Nobel laureate Samuel Ting with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, plans to take things slow.
Image
© NASA

With a pricetag of about $2 billion and a multinational team from 60 research organizations, AMS took 17 years to come together. The effort was nearly derailed after the 2003 Columbia accident when NASA took away its ride on the shuttle. "This isn't going to happen again, so it's important to do this very, very systematically," Ting said Thursday.

Saturn

Monster Storm Rearranges Saturn Before Our Eyes

The best views yet of a giant, once-in-a-generation storm on Saturn are now emerging, revealing how such tempests disrupt the ringed planet and create hot spots and cold vortexes, researchers say.
Image
© ESO/Univ. of Oxford/T. Barry
A comparison of thermal infrared images of Saturn from the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VISIR instrument) is shown, with an amateur visible-light view from Trevor Barry (Broken Hill, Australia) obtained on Jan. 19, 2011. The images were obtained on Jan. 19, 2011, during the mature phase of the northern storm. The second image is taken at a wavelength that reveals the structures in Saturn's lower atmosphere, showing the churning storm clouds and the central cooler vortex. The third image is sensitive to much higher altitudes in Saturn's normally peaceful stratosphere.

These findings could shed new light on the behavior of giant planets orbiting both alien stars and our sun. [Photo of Saturn's huge storm]

The atmosphere of Saturn normally appears calm, but about once per Saturn year - equal to about 30 Earth years - the giant world is gripped by a titanic storm as spring comes to its northern hemisphere. The current monster Saturn storm erupted last Dec. 5.

"This disturbance in the northern hemisphere of Saturn has created a gigantic, violent and complex eruption of bright cloud material, which has spread to encircle the entire planet," said researcher Leigh Fletcher, a planetary scientist at the University of Oxford in England.

Question

New Supernova Could Nix Evidence of Dark Matter

Supernova
© The Daily Galaxy
An exploding star spotted in 2005 defies the curent theories and observations. The theory of how it ignited could explain something unexpected: Why we have calcium in our bones. Astronomers have reported a whole new type of supernova, which seems to spew out calcium and titanium. While most reports focused on the calcium, it's the titanium that's really interesting - the finding could negate ongoing efforts to find signs of dark matter at the center of the Milky Way.

The team of astronomers, led by Hagai Perets, at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and Avishay Gal-Yam of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, presented evidence that supernova SN 2005E is distinct from the two main classes of supernovae: Type Ia supernovae, thought to be old, white dwarf stars that accrete matter from a companion until they undergo a thermonuclear explosion that blows them apart entirely; and Type Ib/c or Type II supernovae, thought to be hot, massive and short-lived stars that explode and leave behind black holes or neutron stars.

Telescope

Bombardments of 'micro-meteorites' on Earth and Mars four billion years ago

Image
© Unknown
Bombardments of 'micro-meteorites' on Earth and Mars four billion years ago may have caused the planets' climates to cool dramatically, hampering their ability to support life, according to research by Imperial scientists published on 1 April in the journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.

Telescope

Greenhouse effect may give exoplanet liquid water

Image
© Lynette Cook, NASA
Artist's conception of the inner four planets of the Gliese 581 system and their host star.
Although our catalog of exoplanets is expanding rapidly, researchers are still looking for one that can unequivocally play host to liquid water on its surface. Over the past several years, attention has focused on the collection of planets orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 581, which is only 20 light years from Earth. The star plays host to at least five planets, some of which have been put forth as candidates for habitability based on the presence of liquid water. A new climate model, however, has now shifted attention towards GJ581d, a super-Earth that was thought to be too cold to support liquid water.

Beaker

Contaminants Can Flow Up Waterfalls, Say Physicists

Image
Physicists have discovered an entirely new process of upstream contamination--by studying the behaviour tea leaves.

Here's a curious phenomenon.

The south American drink 'mate' is a tea-like beverage in which finely cut, dried leaves from the yerba mate herb are infused in hot water. The dried leaves, just a few square mm in size, tend to float on the surface of the water

Telescope

Milky Way Is Warped, Like a Beer Bottle Cap

The discovery of a new arm in the Milky Way suggests that our galaxy is warped, say astronomers.

In 1852, Stephen Alexander, an astronomer at the College of New Jersey, put forward the radical suggestion that the Milky Way galaxy is a spiral.

But while today's astronomers agree on this general shape, they disagree over the precise structure of the spiral and in particular on the number of arms.

Astronomers have named at least 6 arms and in the 1990s, evidence emerged that the galaxy had a central bar. The uncertainty is easy to understand. Our view of the galaxy shows the nearer stars superimposed on the ones that are further away. And much of the opposite side of the Milky Way galaxy is obscured entirely by the central mass of stars at the centre.

Recently, however, a clearer picture has begun to emerge. The growing consensus is that the Milky Way has a central bar with two main arms, called the Perseus Arm, which passes with a few kiloparsecs of the Sun, and the Scutum-Centaurus Arm. (The other arms are now thought to be minor structures made up largely of gas.)