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Fri, 29 Oct 2021
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Question

Should NASA Fake an Interplanetary Holy War?

Invasion
© heiwa4126/Creative Commons
Planet of interest.

Neil deGrasse Tyson is probably the last person to suggest NASA falsify the threat of alien invasion to play on humanity's fears. I also doubt he'd suggest that the space agency exploit America's religious conservative movement with "proof" that said aliens are governed by demons.

But just for the sake of argument, let's you and I go there.

Along with my Stuff to Blow Your Mind co-host Julie Douglas, I had the honor of interviewing Dr. Tyson last week on the motivators for space exploration and his upcoming book Space Chronicles.

He stressed that while the whole "exploration is in our DNA" argument is fine and dandy for multibillion-dollar space projects, it simply doesn't work past the $10 billion funding ceiling. Here's what he had to say:
The only drivers that really stimulate people to spend money are war and economics -- and the third one, which is less common today, is the praise of royalty or deity. There was a day when you could invoke one or both of those and get anything done. You get the pyramids and all the church building in Europe, the cathedrals of England. You could do that if there is a power above you that you fear or you want to praise. But that doesn't happen much anymore. That leaves war and economics.

Gear

How Advertisements Seduce Your Brain

Ads
© Sacha Leclair
Ads that circumvent consumers' conscious awareness by depicting a fun, vague or sexy scene that seems to have nothing to do with the product are less likely to activate the part of your brain that inhibits impulse buying, a new study shows.

Advertisements are all around us, and they vary greatly in their attempts to attract consumers. Some ads highlight the product's features, while other ads' content seems to be completely unrelated to the product they're trying to sell. It's the latter type of ads that shoppers need to be most wary of, according to a new study.

Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, and George Washington University focused on two different types of advertisements. The first type of ad, called "logical persuasion," or LP, presents facts about the product, such as, "This car gets 42 miles to the gallon." The second type of ad is referred to as "nonrational influence" (NI) because it circumvents consumers' conscious awareness by depicting a fun, vague or sexy scene that seems to have nothing to do with the product.

In the study, researchers showed advertising images to 11 women and 13 men while recording the electrical activity in their brains using electroencephalography (EEG). Each participant viewed 24 ads that had appeared in magazines and newspapers.

Magnify

Mozart Motivates Sewage Treatment Microbes

sewage treatment plant
Operators of a sewage treatment plant in eastern Germany have saved around €10,000 over the last year - apparently by playing Mozart to their microbes. They are now calling for scientists to come and investigate.

Roland Meinusch, manager of the plant in Treuenbrietzen, Brandenburg, said the plant some 70 kilometres southeast of Berlin produced 1,000 cubic metres less sewage sludge than normal last year - and the only thing he had changed was the music.

"We play them Mozart's Magic Flute, on a half-hour loop," he told The Local.

The better the microbes work, the more they digest the sewage, producing more clean water and less sludge.

Info

Missing Planet Explains Solar System's Structure

Solar System
© Ars Technica
The solar system once had five giant gaseous planets rather than the four it has today. That's the conclusion from a computer simulation of the solar system's evolution, which suggests the fifth giant was hurled into interstellar space some 4 billion years ago, after a violent encounter with Jupiter.

Astronomers have struggled for decades to explain the solar system's current structure. In particular, Uranus and Neptune couldn't have formed where they are today - the disc of gas that congealed into the planets would have been too thin at the edge of the solar system to account for the ice giants' bulk.

A more likely scenario is that the planets were packed close together when they formed, and only spread out when the disc of gas and dust from which they formed was used up. The tighter orbits of extrasolar planet systems support this idea.

But the great gravitational bullies of the solar system, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, would not have gone quietly to their new homes. Previous simulations show that at least one planet, usually Uranus or Neptune, should have been ejected from the solar system in the shuffle.

"People didn't know how to resolve that," says David Nesvorny of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado.

Now Nesvorny proposes a solution: a sacrificial ice giant between Saturn and Uranus that takes the fall for its planetary siblings.

Info

Strange Particles May Travel Faster than Light, Breaking Laws of Physics

Faster Than Light
© CERN
The OPERA experiment at the CERN physics laboratory in Geneva sends tiny particles called neutrinos vast distances to study their properties. New findings suggest the particles may even travel faster than light.

Nothing goes faster than the speed of light. At least, we didn't think so.

New results from the CERN laboratory in Switzerland seem to break this cardinal rule of physics, calling into question one of the most trusted laws discovered by Albert Einstein.

Physicists have found that tiny particles called neutrinos are making a 454-mile (730-kilometer) underground trip faster than they should - more quickly, in fact, than light could do. If the results are confirmed, they could throw much of modern physics into upheaval.

The results come from the OPERA experiment, which sends sprays of neutrinos from CERN in Geneva to the INFN Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy. After analyzing the results from 15,000 particles, it seems the neutrinos are crossing the distance at a velocity 20 parts per million faster than the speed of light. By making use of advanced GPS systems and atomic clocks, the researchers were able to determine this speed to an accuracy of less than 10 nanoseconds (.00000001 seconds).

Info

First Aboriginal Genome Sequenced

Aboriginal Dancer
© Mark Kolbe / Getty Images
Descendent of the first humans to leave Africa.
A 90-year-old tuft of hair has yielded the first complete genome of an Aboriginal Australian, a young man who lived in southwest Australia.

He, and perhaps all Aboriginal Australians, the genome indicates, descend from the first humans to venture far beyond Africa more than 60,000 years ago, and thousands of years before the ancestors of most modern Asians trekked east in a second migration out of Africa.

"Aboriginal Australians are descendents of the first human explorers. These are the guys who expanded to unknown territory into an unknown world, eventually reaching Australia," says Eske Willerslev, a palaeogeneticist at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, who led the study. It appears online today in Science.1

Footprints

New Technique Uses Genomes To Determine Ancient Human Migrations

Migration Studies
© redOrbit

Researchers at Cornell University have developed new statistical methods based on the complete genome sequences of living humans to shed light on events at the dawn of human history.

The scientists applied their methods to the genomes of individuals of East Asian, European, and western and southern African descent.

Although they analyzed just six genomes, the researchers made use of the fact that these genomes contain traces of genetic material from thousands of human ancestors, which have been assembled into new combinations over the millennia by genetic recombination.

The primary finding of the study is that the San, an indigenous group of hunter gatherers from southern Africa, diverged from other human populations about 130,000 years ago - earlier than previously thought. By comparison, the ancestors of modern Eurasian populations migrated from Africa only about 50,000 years ago.

Previous studies of human demography have primarily relied on mitochondrial DNA from the maternal line or Y-chromosome data passed from fathers to their sons. However, those studies were limited by small numbers of genomic positions.

The current study uses the full genome of each individual, providing a more comprehensive view of human evolution, the researchers said.

"The use of genomewide data gives you much more confidence that you are getting the right answer," said Adam Siepel, associate professor of biological statistics and computational biology, and senior author of the paper.

Info

Now Showing: Movie Clips From Your Mind

Mind Movies
© Jack Gallant
Study subjects were shown movie trailers (left), and neuroscientists were able to reconstruct them (right) using brain activity data and a library of random YouTube clips.

What if scientists could peer inside your brain and then reconstruct what you were thinking, playing the images back like a video?

Science and technology are not even remotely at that point yet, but a new study from the University of California Berkeley marks a significant, if blurry, step in that direction.

"Using our particular modeling framework, we can actually infer very fast dynamic events that happen in the brain," said Jack Gallant, a neuroscience professor at the University of California Berkeley who worked on the study, which was published today in the journal Current Biology.

To try and read the brain, the scientists had people watch compilations of clips from Hollywood movie trailers while staying still inside a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine, better known as fMRI. The machine took scans as the subjects watched the compilation 10 times, totaling around two hours.

Saturn

A Quintet of Saturn's Moons

A quintet of Saturn's moons come together in the Cassini spacecraft's field of view for this portrait.

Image
© NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute
Janus (179 kilometers, or 111 miles across) is on the far left. Pandora (81 kilometers, or 50 miles across) orbits between the A ring and the thin F ring near the middle of the image. Brightly reflective Enceladus (504 kilometers, or 313 miles across) appears above the center of the image. Saturn's second largest moon, Rhea (1,528 kilometers, or 949 miles across), is bisected by the right edge of the image. The smaller moon Mimas (396 kilometers, or 246 miles across) can be seen beyond Rhea also on the right side of the image.

This view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from just above the ringplane. Rhea is closest to Cassini here. The rings are beyond Rhea and Mimas. Enceladus is beyond the rings.

Roses

A Plant That Sows Its Own Seeds Discovered

Image
© Alex Popovkin
Spigelia genuflexa
Scientists have discovered a tiny plant which they say bows down and sows its own seeds.

The dainty, inch-high plant with pink-and-white flowers was found growing in the backyard of a local plant collector in rural northeastern Bahia, Brazil, one of the world's most biologically diverse areas.

The strange behaviour of the plant caught the attention of a handyman working for the plant collector, Alex Popovkin, who believed it was a new species.

A team of scientists from Rutgers University, the State University at Feira de Santana in Bahia, and Western Carolina University then collaborated to confirm that the plant was indeed a new species, a website reported.