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New Space Woe: Blurry Vision

Blindess In Space
© NASA
About one-third of the U.S. space station crewmembers return with impaired vision, a condition in which at least one case was permanent.
A new study of astronauts shows that radiation and bone loss aren't the only health risks for long-duration stays in space. About one-third of the U.S. space station crew members return with impaired vision, a condition in which at least one case was permanent.

The data has been slow in coming since astronauts can be disqualified from flying if they have serious ailments.

"These are guys who really don't like to complain about physical issues because it may ground them. They're desire is to get back into space, so they are not complainers," neurosurgeon Bruce Ehni at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, told Discovery News.

But in 2005, one unnamed astronaut came forward to reveal his affliction, prompting a survey of the corps. NASA discovered 35 percent of its former space station crew members, who typically spend about six months in orbit, experience visual acuity issues, agency spokesman Mike Curie told Discovery News.

Info

Belief in God Boils Down to a Gut Feeling

Child Praying
© Live Science

For many people, believing in God comes down to a gut feeling that a benevolent deity is out there. A study now finds that gut feelings may be very important in determining who goes to church every Sunday and who avoids the pews.

People who are generally more intuitive in the way they think and make decisions are more likely to believe in God than those who ruminate over their choices, the researchers found. The findings suggest that basic differences in thinking style can influence religious belief.

"Some say we believe in God because our intuitions about how and why things happen lead us to see a divine purpose behind ordinary events that don't have obvious human causes," study researcher Amitai Shenhav of Harvard University said in a statement. "This led us to ask whether the strength of an individual's beliefs is influenced by how much they trust their natural intuitions versus stopping to reflect on those first instincts."

Bulb

Can't stop yawning? You might not just be tired... your brain could be over-heating

We most associate yawning with boredom or being sleepy, but new research suggests it can be good for your health - by cooling down your brain.

Scientists at Princeton University found a big yawn can regulate the temperature of the brain and prevent over-heating.

Baby Yawning
© Alamy
Strange as it seems we yawn more in winter to keep the brain cool, according to scientists.
During winter in Tuscon, Arizona, Professor Andrew Gallup and his team asked 80 random pedestrians to look at images of people yawning and then recorded whether they yawned in response.

They then performed the same trial in the summer.

The researchers found that half of the participants yawned in winter while only a quarter yawned in summer.

Health

What's In That Wine Glass May Not Prevent Aging After All

Red Wine
© iStockphoto
Red wine's rep as a fountain of youth is facing a challenge.

If you've been counting on your daily dose of merlot to stave off mortality, you might want to consider Plan B.

The links between red wine and longevity aren't nearly as strong as they once seemed, according to new research in the journal Nature. In fact, the research calls into question the whole mechanism used to explain wine's power to extend life.

Sorry, oenophiles.

This all has to do with some natural proteins called sirtuins. (That's pronounced sir-TWO-ins in American English, in case you're reading this out loud at a bar.) Yeast carry a version. So do worms, mice and people.

About 10 years ago, scientists noticed that an extra helping of sirtuins seemed to help living things live longer. And there was some evidence that a substance in red wine called resveratrol could crank up sirtuin production.

Then, in 2006, a Harvard researcher named David Sinclair reported that obese mice that got doses of resveratrol lived longer than fat mice who didn't - about 30 percent longer.

Beaker

Pint-Sized Accelerator Creates the Mother of All Gamma Rays

Thin layers of lead won't stop these bad boys
Image
© University of Strathclyde
Research assistant Silvia Cipiccia holds the laser accelerator's waveguide in hand. The high tech laser allowed the creation of ultra-intense gamma rays, which are expected to have diverse applications.

Gamma rays -- they're what made the fictional Hulk, and they are today saving lives via medical imaging and radiation therapy for cancers, not to mention unlocking the mysteries of the universe. But many of these applications are confined by how powerful (intense) these beams are. Thus these applications may get a huge boost from research by the University of Glasgow and University of Strathclyde (located in Glasgow, Scotland, UK), along with Instituto Superior Técnico (Lisbon, Portugal) which has produced the most intense gamma rays man has ever been able to produce.

The super rays are a thousand times brighter than the Sun. And they are so intense they can penetrate up to 20 cm (over half a foot) of lead, or 1.5m (almost 5 feet) of concrete.

The peak radiance of the super-bright beam was more than 10e23 photons per second, per square milliradian, per square millimeter, per 0.1% bandwidth. If you're not involved in research physics, suffice to say that's a whole lot of high-energy photons.

Info

Fight or Flight: How the Nose Knows What to Do

Sensory Detection Cells
© Yoh Isogai and Catherine Dulac
This image illustrates the cellular diversity underlying sensory detection in the mouse vomeronasal organ. A spectrum of colors highlights sensory neurons harboring different receptors, each recognizing a different set of social or predator cues.

Cats arch their backs at the smell of a rival, and mice scurry at the scent of a fox. But how does the nose know who or what is lurking? Now scientists have identified several special receptors in the noses of animals that react to specific scents given off by others.

It's these receptors that signal to the brain whether the animal needs to flee, make itself large and scary, or perhaps even woo a mate.

"Animals in the wild need to be able to recognize other animals, whether they are predators, potential mates or rivals," study researcher Catherine Dulac of Harvard University told LiveScience. "Many animals rely on the sense of smell; they can distinguish one type of encounter from another one based on chemicals."

Experimenting on mice, Dulac and her fellow researchers discovered that more of the animal's receptors seem to be dedicated to sniffing out predators than to detecting potential mates.

Question

Astonishing Optical Illusion Discovered In Mona Lisa

Mona Lisa
© PRWEB

The greatest secret in art history was declared by Scott Lund in Rome on the date 9/10/11. It was revealed to be an ingenious visual trick that Leonardo da Vinci used to transform the viewer of the Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) into Janus, the Roman pagan Sun god who looks in opposite directions simultaneously.

The Los Angeles investigative writer briefly addressed a crowd of people gathered near the ancient Colosseum, then led them to the tune of a bagpiper across the Tiber river to the top of the Janiculum hill named after the two-faced Sun god. There he identified the Tempietto of Bramante as the site where Leonardo had his vision for the world's most famous work of art. Lund states that the Mona Lisa is a personification of the elegant circular chapel built by Donato Bramante at the presumed location of the mythical citadel occupied by Janus at the beginning of Italian civilization.

"The Mona Lisa's landscape is not a fantasy, but a precise survey map of Rome and its vicinity. The survey cleverly defines the two extremes of religion, marking the center of Christianity on the right side, and the center of paganism on the left. The dome of St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican is one end of the survey, and the site of the cult practices of the goddess Diana at Lake Nemi is the other. A line between the two endpoints, 29.5 km apart, intersects the Tempietto of Bramante," says Lund.

"Lake Nemi was the cradle of European witchcraft, and its location on the Mona Lisa was dangerously heretical during the Renaissance period. Using the pagan god Janus as the theme for the painting also implied Leonardo's heretical conviction that the sun was the center of the Universe," he says.

Saturn

Our solar system might have once had an extra gas planet

Rogue Planet
© NASA/JPL
Artist's conception of rogue planet.
This solar system just doesn't work. According to a new computer simulation, the planets could never have come together in their current configuration. The only explanation is that we once had a fifth gas giant...and it's still out there somewhere.

That's a pretty big claim to make, so let's see how David Nesvorny of Colorado's Southwest Research Institute reached that particular conclusion. The key idea here is that our solar system wouldn't have formed in its present configuration - the planets would have tugged on each other as they formed, pulling each other out of their original orbits and into new ones. The solar system doesn't begin fully-formed, even once the various planets are complete. It's still a long evolutionary process.

We can't know exactly how the planets first fit together, so Nesvorny simply tried a bunch of different possible starting positions and ran simulations to find out which could conceivably result in the present solar system. The problem is that Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are just so damn big that they can barely move around without violently disrupting each other's orbits.

Comment: In this study researchers aren't considering the obvious: that their assumptions about the formation of the solar system are wrong to start with. Instead of all the planets forming in their current orbits as the solar system 'cooled', it could be that the rocky planets and numerous moons were acquired rather than created as a process of solar system formation. The ideas put forth by James McCanney discuss this possibility of planetary capture. One of the main blind spots that keep astronomers from accepting the possibility of planetary capture is the understanding of electrical forces in space. With 'gravity only' models, the numbers only show a low probability of this happening.

However, it is interesting to note here that some researchers are considering the possibility that there might be more than meets the eye when it comes to the solar system. Could there be another Jovian-size planet or brown-dwarf star out there that we're not seeing?


Cloud Lightning

What is 'Atmospheric Blocking'? MU researchers to study this dangerous, deadly weather phenomenon

Tony Lupo
© University of Missouri
Tony Lupo, professor and chair of the Department of Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Science, is partnering with researchers from Russia to study atmospheric blocking, which can result in deadly heat waves.
Researchers awarded $100,000 from Russian Academy of Sciences to study atmospheric blocking

Atmospheric blocking is a relatively unknown weather phenomenon responsible for prolonged bouts of extreme conditions, such as the summer 2011 Midwest heat wave that led to destructive wildfires in Texas. Now, University of Missouri researchers will collaborate with the A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in a 3 million Russian ruble (about $104,000) project to understand and predict blocking patterns.

"Atmospheric blocking occurs when a high pressure system gets stuck in one place," said Tony Lupo, professor and chair of the Department of Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences in the School of Natural Resources. "If hot, dry weather doesn't move, it can lead to extreme heat and drought conditions. If a rainy pattern becomes stuck, it can lead to flooding."

Atmospheric blocking occurs between 20-40 times each year throughout the world and usually lasts between 8-11 days, Lupo said. Although atmospheric blocking is one of the rarest weather events, it can trigger dangerous conditions, such as a 2003 European heat wave that caused 40,000 deaths. Blocking usually results when a powerful, high-pressure area gets stuck in one place. Because they cover a large area, fronts behind them are blocked.

Telescope

NASA'S WISE Mission Captures Black Hole's Wildly Flaring Jet

Astronomers using NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have captured rare data of a flaring black hole, revealing new details about these powerful objects and their blazing jets.

Scientists study jets to learn more about the extreme environments around black holes. Much has been learned about the material feeding black holes, called accretion disks, and the jets themselves through studies using X-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. But key measurements of the brightest part of the jets, located at their bases, have been difficult despite decades of work. WISE is offering a new window into this missing link through its infrared observations.
Image
© NASA

"Imagine what it would be like if our sun were to undergo sudden, random bursts, becoming three times brighter in a matter of hours, and then fading back again. That's the kind of fury we observed in this jet," said Poshak Gandhi, a scientist with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). He is lead author of a new study on the results appearing in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. "With WISE's infrared vision, we were able to zoom in on the inner regions near the base of the stellar-mass black hole's jet for the first time and the physics of jets in action."