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The differences between the sexes are far more profound than those that exist among human populations, reflecting more than 100 million years of evolution and adaptation. Males and females differ by huge tracts of genetic material - a Y chromosome that males have and that females don't, and a second X chromosome that females have and males don't.
Most everyone accepts that the biological differences between males and females are profound. In addition to anatomical differences, men and women exhibit average differences in size and physical strength. (There are also average differences in temperament and behavior, though there are important unresolved questions about the extent to which these differences are influenced by social expectations and upbringing.)
Monitoring the saltiness of the ocean water could provide an early indicator of climate change. Significant increases or decreases in salt in key areas could forewarn of climate change in 10 to 20 years time. Presenting their findings at a recent European Science Foundation (ESF) conference, scientists predicted that the waters of the southern hemisphere oceans around South Africa and New Zealand are the places to watch.2) The meaning of climate change, as the article uses it can be gathered from looking at what else the same publication has published, see this search result. Exploring one of the results, two days before the above mentioned study was published on February 9, 2024, there was a study published on February 7:
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior โ several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.If "Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change" then human activity is considered responsible, and the climate can be "fixed" by changing the behaviour of people. The politics of climate change work in favour or arguing for more control.
Scientists believe we could be veering towards this scenario once again โ potentially as early as 2025 โ as a result of climate change.The link refers to an earlier news article in Live Science published July 25, 2023: Gulf Stream current could collapse in 2025, plunging Earth into climate chaos: 'We were actually bewildered'
Researchers have predicted the collapse of the AMOC could happen any time between 2025 and 2095 โ far sooner than previous predictions, although not all scientists are convinced.According the the current article: "The team found that about 25 years before the AMOC collapses, this flow reaches a minimum)." This could be interpreted to mean that If they come out next year and say the minimum was reached in 2024, then something drastic would happen in 25 years, or around 2050. However what the study actually says is "The FovS minimum occurs 25 years (9 to 41, 10 and 90% percentiles) before the AMOC tipping event." That is there is an interval of probability, with a 10 % chance it is less than 9 years and a 10 chance it is more than 41 years.
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a major tipping element in the climate system and a future collapse would have severe impacts on the climate in the North Atlantic region. In recent years weakening in circulation has been reported, but assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), based on the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) model simulations suggest that a full collapse is unlikely within the 21st century. Tipping to an undesired state in the climate is, however, a growing concern with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Predictions based on observations rely on detecting early-warning signals, primarily an increase in variance (loss of resilience) and increased autocorrelation (critical slowing down), which have recently been reported for the AMOC. Here we provide statistical significance and data-driven estimators for the time of tipping. We estimate a collapse of the AMOC to occur around mid-century under the current scenario of future emissions.In other words the whole stick is that changes to the climate are pinned on human activity. What could be wrong with that?
Comment: One wonders whether there's an energy coursing through the region causing the wave to move like that: