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Ice Cube

Why did Antarctic expedition ship get stranded in ice?

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The Akademik Shokalskiy was trapped in thick ice for 10 days
BBC producer Andrew Luck-Baker was on board a Russian research vessel when it became trapped in pack ice over Christmas. Here, Andrew, who was covering an expedition for the BBC World Service's Discovery programme, examines the events that led up to the ship being stranded.

As the members of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) reach the end of their travels together, investigations will soon begin to establish why their Russian expedition ship, the MV Akademik Shokalskiy, became trapped in thick and extensive pack ice for 10 days.

The ship's entrapment at Christmas time led to an Australian icebreaker being diverted from its own operations hundreds of kilometres along the coast and a Chinese icebreaker also coming to the rescue.

That vessel ended up stuck in the ice itself for many days. A smaller French icebreaker ship was also summoned to the scene. It retreated when it became clear that the ice was much too thick for it to help.

The 52 members of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition were trapped until 2 January when a helicopter team from the Chinese vessel airlifted the scientists, tourists and operational staff to the Aurora Australis.

The expedition leaders could have some tough questions to face about logistical shortcomings that may have put the vessel at increased risk of becoming trapped. These were operational errors and mishaps during a visit by scientists and tourists to a location close to the Antarctic shore on 23 December.

Ship insurance companies along with the Australian Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre will be keen to establish what happened and whether human error contributed to the Akademik Shokalskiy becoming encased.

Comment: This silly tourist expedition put many people in danger and disrupted serious scientific research programs:
French Le Monde blasts Chris Turney's Antarctic joy ride for disrupting real Antarctic science!
Rescue efforts for trapped Antarctic voyage disrupt serious science
Ship of fools: Icebound expeditioners apologise for Antarctic rescue mission
'Stuck in our own experiment': Leader of trapped team insists polar ice is melting against evidence of his own experience


Bulb

Electrical brain stimulation can instantly improve self-control

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© Krischan Schallenberger

Self-control can be boosted using tiny electrical pulses from electrodes, a new study finds.

Neuroscientists have successfully used a new type of brain stimulation to act on a mental braking system located in the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain above the eyes.

The study, published in The Journal of Neuroscience, gave participants a simple test of self-control (Wessel et al., 2013).

This involved them trying to stop themselves from routinely pressing a button when suddenly given an unexpected auditory command.

Participants had electrodes attached to their heads to deliver the electrical stimulation to the precise area of their brain which has an inhibitory effect on behaviour.

The electrical current passing through the brain was relatively small, and so imperceptible to participants.

The part of the brain targeted, in the prefrontal cortex, is a crucial component in the network that slows down and stops some behaviour.

Sometimes participants were given help to inhibit the button pressing behaviours by having the electrical current delivered.

Info

Dwarf planet in asteroid belt caught spouting water vapour

Dwarf Planet
© IMCCE-Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Y.Gominet, B. Carry/CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 FR
Just letting off some steam.
The dwarf planet Ceres has been caught spouting water vapour, perhaps from a layer of buried ice or even from slushy volcanoes.

"This is the first clear-cut detection of water in the asteroid belt," says Michael Küppers of the European Space Agency. It backs up indirect signs of water on other asteroids - good news for would-be space miners hoping to use that water as fuel.

Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt, the ring of space rocks between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It is so massive that its own gravity makes it nearly round, like a planet, earning it the title of dwarf planet alongside Pluto and three other objects beyond the orbit of Neptune.

Astronomers used to believe that asteroids from the main belt were too close to the sun to stay wet, and only comets from the far fringes of the solar system were able to hold onto any water ice. But recently, asteroid-belt objects have been spotted with comet-like tails of dust streaming behind them, suggesting that they too have solid ice on their surfaces that is vaporising and releasing dust into space.

Roses

Do plants feel Earth's magnetic field?

Plants and Magnetic Field
© Henrik Sorensen/Getty Images
It's common knowledge that some animals can detect and use Earth's magnetic field, but now Italian researchers have identified a possible mechanism by which plants might react to it as well.

The researchers even ponder the possibility that surges of plant evolution in Earth's history -- especially the appearance and spread of flowering plants -- might match times when the Earth's flip-flopping magnetic poles were like that of today.

"Compared to studies in animals, very little is known about magneto-reception in plants, although early studies on plants were initiated more than 70 years ago," explains the University of Turin's Andrea Occhipinti and colleagues in a paper in the January issue of the journal Trends in Plant Science.

There have been studies that suggest that plants do, indeed, respond to both strong and weak magnetic fields, but the experiments have been hard to duplicate, leaving a lot of questions still unanswered, the researchers wrote.

In birds the trick to detecting magnetic fields is the existence of a blue-light receptor protein, called a cryptochrome, in the birds' eyes. Cryptochromes are thought to be activated by light, and then they become sensitive to a magnetic field.

Oddly enough, the same protein has been found in plants, where, theoretically, they might also enable plants to react to magnetic fields. The big question, of course, is what use would a plant have for this extra ability? After all, plants don't migrate.

Cassiopaea

Bright supernova in M82

Following the posting on the Central Bureau's Transient Object Confirmation Page about a possible Supernova in M82 (TOCP Designation: PSN J09554214+6940260) we performed some follow-up of this object through a 0.50-m f/6.8 astrograph + CCD + f/4.5 focal reducer from MPC Code H06 (iTelescope, New Mexico).

On our images taken on January 22.3, 2014 we can confirm the presence of an optical counterpart with unfiltered CCD magnitude 11.3 and R-filtered magnitude 11.0 at coordinates:

R.A. = 09 55 42.17, Decl.= +69 40 25.9

(equinox 2000.0; UCAC-3 catalogue reference stars).

Our confirmation image (click on it for a bigger version):

Supernova
© Remanzacco Observatory
An animation showing a comparison between our confirmation image of supernova in M82 and archive image by 2-meter telescope FTN - LCOGT (dated back to 2013-11-22).

Satellite

Astronauts to install wildlife receiver on the International Space Station tracking course of thousands of small animals?

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Tiny birds, bees and butterflies are to be tracked from space to give warning of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Astronauts are to install a dedicated wildlife receiver on the International Space Station, which will track the course of thousands of small animals.

Animals are known to sense tectonic activity well before major seismic shifts - an ability which could be used to give us prior warning of natural disasters. Uschi Müller, co-ordinator of the £33-million Icarus project, said: "It could give an extra five hours warning of a disaster.'"

The devices could also help track and predict the spreads of animal-borne diseases such as Sars and bird flu.

The Icarus scheme is a joint project run by the German and Russian space agencies and 12 scientific groups.

Robot

Pressure sensitive electronic whiskers developed to help robots navigate

Electronic whiskers
© Berkeley Lab
Pressure sensitive electronic whiskers developed to help robots navigate

Using composite film of carbon nanotubes and silver nanoparticles, a team of international researchers has created tactile sensors that are similar to the sensitive whiskers of cats and rats. These e-whiskers can respond to changes in pressure.


In a breakthrough experiment, researchers at Berkeley Lab and the University of California (UC) developed electronic whiskers that respond to changes in pressure. These whiskers could help robots see and feel their environment.

For certain animals and insects, whiskers are important tactile sensors that help in navigating around enclosed area. But the new e-whiskers, the elastic fiber layered with nanotubes and nanoparticles are almost 10 times more sensitive to the pressure than other pressure sensors.

To develop the e-whisker, the researchers used carbon nanotube paste and formed a bendable conductive network. They then loaded a thin film of silver nanoparticles to the carbon nanotube that made the whiskers sensitive to mechanical strain.

Magnify

Viewing X chromosomes in a new light

mouse brain
© Hao Wu and Jeremy Nathans/Cell Press
In a female mouse’s brain, a left-to-right pattern in the silencing of the X chromosome. These patterns may influence how individual brains function
The term "X chromosome" has an air of mystery to it, and rightly so. It got its name in 1891 from a baffled biologist named Hermann Henking. To investigate the nature of chromosomes, Henking examined cells under a simple microscope. All the chromosomes in the cells came in pairs.

All except one.

Henking labeled this outlier chromosome the "X element." No one knows for sure what he meant by the letter. Maybe he saw it as an extra chromosome. Or perhaps he thought it was an ex-chromosome. Maybe he used X the way mathematicians do, to refer to something unknown.

Today, scientists know the X chromosome much better. It's part of the system that determines whether we become male or female. If an egg inherits an X chromosome from both parents, it becomes female. If it gets an X from its mother and a Y from its father, it becomes male.

But the X chromosome remains mysterious. For one thing, females shut down an X chromosome in every cell, leaving only one active. That's a drastic step to take, given that the X chromosome has more than 1,000 genes.

Comment: Also see: Physicist cracks women's random but always lucky choice of X chromosome


Ice Cube

Manipulation of climate data shows the US gov. scientists turned a "90 year cooling trend into a warming trend"

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A newly-uncovered and monumental calculating error in official US government climate data shows beyond doubt that climate scientists unjustifiably added on a whopping one degree of phantom warming to the official "raw" temperature record. Skeptics believe the discovery may trigger the biggest of all "climate con" scandals in Congress and sound the death knell on American climate policy.

Independent data analyst, Steven Goddard, today (January 19, 2014) released his telling study of the officially adjusted and "homogenized" US temperature records relied upon by NASA, NOAA, USHCN and scientists around the world to "prove" our climate has been warming dangerously.

Goddard reports, "I spent the evening comparing graphs...and hit the NOAA motherlode." His diligent research exposed the real reason why there is a startling disparity between the "raw" thermometer readings, as reported by measuring stations, and the "adjusted" temperatures, those that appear in official charts and government reports. In effect, the adjustments to the "raw" thermometer measurements made by the climate scientists "turns a 90 year cooling trend into a warming trend," says the astonished Goddard.

TV

Botnet made up of hacked refrigerators and other household appliances sends 750k malicious emails

fridge phone
© AFP
At least one refrigerator was used to create a botnet that sent spam.
Call it the attack of the zombie refrigerators.

Computer security researchers say they have discovered a large "botnet" which infected internet-connected home appliances and then delivered more than 750,000 malicious emails.

The California security firm Proofpoint, which announced its findings, said this may be the first proven "internet of things" based cyber attack involving "smart" appliances.

Proofpoint said hackers managed to penetrate home-networking routers, connected multimedia centres, televisions and at least one refrigerator to create a botnet - or platform to deliver malicious spam or phishing emails from a device, usually without the owner's knowledge.