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Thu, 14 Oct 2021
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Ancient Turtles "Driven to Extinction by Humans"

Image
© Reuters
Scientists found the turtle leg bones, but not shells or skulls, which they said suggested humans helped drive the giant turtles to extinction.
An ancient species of giant turtle was driven to extinction by humans in the Pacific almost 3,000 years ago, scientists have discovered.

Researchers found the last example of supersize animals to roam the earth, a never-before-seen species in the genus Meiolania, were driven to extinction by settlers on an island of Vanuatu.

This was despite the turtles, which were more than eight feet in length, outliving most of the other outsized, extinct animals known as megafauna.

Experts believe most of the Australian megafauna species, such as the woolly mammoth, died almost 50,000 years ago although debate has raged over what exactly killed them.

But according to scientists at the University of New South Wales the giant turtles were alive when a people known as the Lapita arrived in the area about 3,000 year ago.

Sherlock

High in the Andes, Keeping an Incan Mystery Alive

Inca khipus
© Meridith Kohut for The New York Times
Rapacinos still conduct ritual ceremonies using the khipus.
Peru - The route to this village 13,000 feet above sea level runs from the desert coast up hairpin bends, delivering the mix of exhilaration and terror that Andean roads often provide. Condors soar above mist-shrouded crags. Quechua-speaking herders squint at strangers who arrive gasping in the thin air.

The population of about 500 subsists by herding and farming.

Rapaz's isolation has allowed it to guard an enduring archaeological mystery: a collection of khipus, the cryptic woven knots that may explain how the Incas - in contrast to contemporaries in the Ottoman Empire and China's Ming dynasty - ruled a vast, administratively complex empire without a written language.

Archaeologists say the Incas, brought down by the Spanish conquest, used khipus - strands of woolen cords made from the hair of animals like llamas or alpacas - as an alternative to writing. The practice may have allowed them to share information from what is now southern Colombia to northern Chile.

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Mind-Controlling Parasites Date Back Millions of Years

parasitic fungus
© David Hughes
A parasitic fungus stalk erupted from the head of a dead carpenter ant whose jaws are gripping the underside of a leaf's major vein
Mind control by parasite sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but not only have scientists revealed that it is real across a range of animals - including perhaps humans - they now even have fossil evidence suggesting it has taken place for millions of years.

An unnerving variety of parasites have evolved the ability to control the brains of victims to help the parasites spread. For instance, the protozoan known as Toxoplasma gondii makes rats love cat urine so that it can spread among its feline hosts - and it may influence human culture as well, making people more prone to certain forms of neuroticism.

Another case of parasite mind control involves the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, which essentially turns ants into zombies. It maneuvers the insects into biting down on the major veins of the undersides of leaves just before they die - the fungus then rapidly grows a stalk from their victims' heads, releasing spores to infect more ants.

Hourglass

"Zombie" Ants Taken Over by 48 Million-Year-Old Parasitic Fungus

Scientists have discovered the earliest evidence -- 48 million years old -- of a fungus that takes over the bodies and minds of ants.

"The fungus, which is alive and well in forests today, latches on to carpenter ants as they cross the forest floor before returning to their nests high in the canopy," reports The Guardian.

Once inside, the fungus, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, releases chemicals that cause the ants to leave the colony in search of leaves or fall from their high canopies onto leaves growing closer to the ground.

Calculator

Study uncovers every possible Rubik's Cube solution

Rubik's cube
© AFP/File/Greg Wood
Visitors are seen interacting with a giant Rubik's Cube at an exhibition in Sydney. An international team of researchers using computer time lent to them by Google has found every way the popular Rubik's Cube puzzle can be solved, and showed it can always be solved in 20 moves or less.
An international team of researchers using computer time lent to them by Google has found every way the popular Rubik's Cube puzzle can be solved, and showed it can always be solved in 20 moves or less.

The study is just the latest attempt by Rubik's enthusiasts to figure out the secrets of the cube, which has proven to be altogether far more complicated that its jaunty colors might suggest.

At the crux of the quest has been a bid to determine the lowest number of moves required to get the cube from any given muddled configuration to the color-aligned solution.

"Every solver of the Cube uses an algorithm, which is a sequence of steps for solving the Cube," said the team of mathematicians, who include Morley Davidson of Ohio's Kent State University, Google engineer John Dethridge, German math teacher Herbert Kociemba and Tomas Rokicki, a California programmer.

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Jupiter: Red Spots in Conjunction

What happens when a raging cyclone as wide as Earth bumps into another storm twice as large? The answer lies in the midnight sky. Two storms on Jupiter--the Great Red Spot and Oval BA--are having just such a close encounter. Amateur astronomer Anthony Wesley sends this picture from Exmouth, Australia:

Red Spot and Oval BA
© Anthony Wesley
The bigger storm is the Great Red Spot, which has been swirling around Jupiter for centuries. The smaller is upstart Oval BA, which formed less than ten years ago. Because the storms travel around Jupiter at different rates, they pass one another periodically, approximately every two years. And when they do ... not much happens. Previous encounters have shown, surprisingly, that the two colossal storms can converge and emerge in tact. Could this time be different?

"Oval BA and the Great Red Spot will be passing one another in the days ahead," says Wesley. "I plan to monitor developments."

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Never Before Seen View of The Earth's Magnetosphere

Earth's Magnetosphere
© AGU/IBEX Team
The IBEX results demonstrating concentrations of energetic neutral atoms. The red areas show the highest concentrations towards the Sun.
A team of scientists have used NASA's IBEX satellite to further our understanding of the solar wind's interaction with our Earth's magnetic field and outer atmosphere.

The team, from the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Advanced Technology Centre (ATC), used the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) to produce a picture of the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's outer atmosphere in March and April 2009.

The solar wind is a stream of sub-atomic particles produced by the Sun travelling out though the Solar System at over a million kilometres per hour. It interacts with the interstellar medium - particles of dust and gas that are distributed between the stars - to produce Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs). It is these ENAs that the IBEX satellite was designed and launched to study in October 2008.

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Prehistoric "Terror Bird" Pecked Creatures to Death

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© AP Photo
The 4 1/2-foot tall bird lived about 6 million years ago in what is now north-western Argentina.
Scientists have discovered a prehistoric bird that used its hooked beak to peck its prey to death.

The ninety-pound flightless birds, which lived in South America, wielded their giant, sharp beaks in quick jabs, repeatedly backing away and jabbing again, according to a new study.

The tactics of the "terror bird", officially called Andalgalornis, were dictated partly by its size and emu-like composition, which made hunting any other way extremely difficult and possibly fatal, scientists said.

"These guys were not sluggers; they couldn't go in and grapple with prey. They had to stand back and dance around and make hatchet-like jabs," said Lawrence Witmer of the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine.

The 4 1/2-foot tall bird lived about 6 million years ago in what is now north-western Argentina. Its skull had a deep, narrow bill armed with a powerful, hawk-like hook.

Newspaper

UK: Victorian Era Doctor "Escaped the Sack Despite Treating Pauper in Acid Bath"

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© National Archives
Oakum picking 1900-1909. The archives show what life was like for the poor and working class.
A Victorian doctor killed a workhouse boy after allowing him to be treated in an acid bath for scabies, according to newly released National Archive files detailing the hardships of 19th Century life.

Thomas S Fletcher, a surgeon at the Bromsgrove Workhouse, Worcs, was investigated for negligence after his young patient, Henry Cartwright, died in 1842.

The young pauper, whose details were not recorded, died after being immersed in a solution of "sulphuret of potassium", or potassium sulphate, in a bid to cure "The Itch", the colloquial term for scabies.

He had joined the workhouse three months previously with his mother, who could not afford to support the family.

According to records of the incident, the surgeon, one of the area's most respected medical practitioners, failed to supervise a nurse, Sarah Chambers, who placed the young boy in the acid bath.

Roses

Same-Sex Marriage Debate Has Roots Going Back Centuries

In the late 1700s, something disturbing happened to marriage in Western societies: It began to change. Young people had revolutionary new ideas about the institution and what it meant to them.

"People were terrified," said Stephanie Coontz, a historian at The Evergreen State College in Washington and author of Marriage, A History (Viking Adult, 2005). "Social conservatives of the day said, 'Oh my gosh, you're going to have the wrong people getting married.'"

The radical idea that had everyone so worried? The notion that people should marry for love, rather than for individual power, group survival, or any of a host of other historic reasons to bond.