Science & TechnologyS


Galaxy

Astronomers spot rare six-planet system that orbit star 'in sync'

NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
© NASANASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
For planet-hunting astronomers, finding a star system with six planets is rare enough, but one system recently spotted 100 light-years away has six planets that orbit in lock-step with one another.

The six planets orbit a star designed HD110067, which from the perspective of an Earth observer sits in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was first spotted as a potential planet-possessing star in 2020, when NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) detected a distinct dip in its brightness - a telltale sign that a planet had passed in front of the star.

Once scientists combined the TESS data with that from the European Space Agency's CHaracterizing ExOPlanet Satellite (Cheops) telescope, they discovered that HD110067 was quite the gem. Their work was published on Wednesday in Nature.

Info

Webb captures a prominent new star in Perseus

New Star in Perseus
© ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, T. Ray (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies)In the lower half of the image is a narrow, horizontal nebula that stretches from edge to edge. It is brightly coloured with more variety on its right side. In the upper half there is a glowing point with multi-coloured light radiating from it in all directions. A bright star with long diffraction spikes lies along the right edge, and a few smaller stars are spread around. The background is covered in a thin haze.
This new Picture of the Month from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope reveals intricate details of the Herbig Haro object 797 (HH 797). Herbig-Haro objects are luminous regions surrounding newborn stars (known as protostars), and are formed when stellar winds or jets of gas spewing from these newborn stars form shockwaves colliding with nearby gas and dust at high speeds. HH 797, which dominates the lower half of this image, is located close to the young open star cluster IC 348, which is located near the eastern edge of the Perseus dark cloud complex. The bright infrared objects in the upper portion of the image are thought to host two further protostars.

This image was captured with Webb's Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam). Infrared imaging is powerful in studying newborn stars and their outflows, because the youngest stars are invariably still embedded within the gas and dust from which they are formed. The infrared emission of the star's outflows penetrates the obscuring gas and dust, making Herbig-Haro objects ideal for observation with Webb's sensitive infrared instruments. Molecules excited by the turbulent conditions, including molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide, emit infrared light that Webb can collect to visualise the structure of the outflows. NIRCam is particularly good at observing the hot (thousands of degree Celsius) molecules that are excited as a result of shocks.

Attention

Apple NameDrop: Why police agencies are issuing warnings after iOS17 update

iphone apple
Apple recently unveiled its latest software update, iOS 17, with a handful of updated features and settings, including NameDrop.

According to Apple's website, NameDrop allows iPhone and Apple Watch users to share contact information - phone numbers and email addresses - by putting their devices (very) close together. People can also share photos via the AirDrop feature, watch shows together, play games, or listen to music this way, too.

Because it's a relatively new feature in Apple's latest software update - and is automatically turned on once the update is installed - law enforcement agencies across the country have issued warnings to parents, telling them to double-check their kids' phone settings.

The thinking is that kids and adults may not know the setting is automatically turned on, which could lead to people sharing their contact information unknowingly or unexpectedly. However, some technology experts - and technology websites -- are pushing back against law enforcement concerns.

Question

Can a rogue star end planet Earth as we know it?

Rogue Star
© NASA . NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Klaus Pontoppidan
A research team has revealed that if an intergalactic star comes within 100 astronomical units of the Sun, it could disturb Earth's orbit and habitability. The team analyzed 12,000 scenarios, revealing a 95% likelihood that all planets would survive, albeit with changed orbits. This shows our Solar System's amazing resilience and unpredictability.

Stars are typically held in place within their galaxies by the force of gravity, allowing them to peacefully coexist with their celestial surroundings. However, on occasion, this delicate bond gets shattered. For instance, a star wandering too near to a huge black hole, can be violently flung into space as a rogue star. What would happen if such a star approached our very own Earth? While the chances are remote, they are not entirely nonexistent.

Over billions of years, the Solar System has reached a stable state. Planets orbit steadily, and the Sun remains at the center. But the arrival of another star could upset this delicate balance. Earth, a small planet with only a minuscule fraction of the Sun's mass, relies heavily on solar gravitational pull. The introduction of a new star's gravity could drastically alter the Earth's fate.

A recent study investigates the effects of a rogue star approaching within 100 astronomical units (1 AU = 149.6 million kilometers) of the Sun. The research team led by Sean Raymond and others from the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), and the Universite de Bordeaux will soon be published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Comment: Something wicked this way comes...

See also: The Oort Cloud might be more active than we thought


Blue Planet

Seamount twice the size of world's tallest building discovered 'hidden under the waves'

tallest seamount guatamala
© Schmidt Ocean InstituteResearchers detected the seamount using multibeam sonar aboard the vessel Falkor (too).
Scientists aboard the Falkor (too) research vessel have documented, for the first time, an extinct volcano towering 5,250 feet above the seabed in international waters in the Pacific Ocean.

Ocean explorers mapping the seabed off the Pacific coast of Guatemala have discovered a mountain twice as high as the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building, hiding deep beneath the waves.

The 5,250-foot-tall (1,600 meters) formation is a seamount — a large, underwater geological feature typically formed from an extinct volcano. Scientists discovered the cone-shaped seamount 7,870 feet (2,400 m) below sea level during an expedition organized by the Schmidt Ocean Institute this summer, according to a statement shared with Live Science.

"A seamount over 1.5 kilometers tall which has, until now, been hidden under the waves really highlights how much we have yet to discover," Jyotika Virmani, the executive director of Schmidt Ocean Institute, said in the statement.

Cassiopaea

'Goddess particle': Earth slammed by ultra-powerful cosmic ray, and we have no idea where it came from

cosmic rays
When powerful cosmic rays hit gas molecules in Earth's atmosphere they create a cascade of energetic particles that are detected on the ground. By tracing back these particles to their source, researchers can estimate how powerful the original cosmic ray was.
Researchers have detected one of the most powerful cosmic rays ever seen slamming into Earth — but they have no idea what caused it or where it came from. The extremely energetic particle, which has been named after a Japanese goddess, arrived from the direction of a void in the universe where almost nothing is known to exist, according to new research.

Cosmic rays are highly energetic particles, mainly consisting of protons or helium nuclei, that are constantly raining through every square inch of the universe (including our bodies). But a small subsection of cosmic rays, which hit Earth roughly once per square mile every year, are accelerated to even greater energy levels by some of the universe's most intense phenomena.

Comment: It's been shown that increased cosmic rays entering our atmosphere increases cloud cover, and one wonders what other effects, if any, they might have on our planet, and the life residing in it.


Microscope 1

New paper in BioEssays recognizes Kuhnian "paradigm shift" against 'junk' DNA

RNA graphic
© Illustra MediaRNA, via Illustra Media’s documentary "Origin".
In September, I wrote about prolific functions discovered for short tandem repeats (STRs), formerly considered a type of "junk DNA." Now a newly published paper in BioEssays has strongly rebuffed the idea of junk DNA — using the language of Kuhnian paradigm shifts. Before we go any further, let's review just what a Kuhnian paradigm shift is.

The phrase comes from the work of a famous Harvard University historian and philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn. In his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he documented how new ideas in science typically take hold through what are called "paradigm shifts," where the leading framework within a field (the "paradigm") starts to accrue evidential problems (goes into "crisis") until it finally gives way to a new idea that challenges the status quo. Kuhn further showed that most scientists spend most of their time doing "normal science" — basically solving scientific puzzles within the framework of the dominant paradigm. He observed that the scientists of the old guard paradigm are "often intolerant" of "new theories" that are being proposed by new scientists proposing ideas that challenge the reigning paradigm. A new theory "emerges first in the mind of one or a few individuals" but then it spreads because the field faces "crisis-provoking problems," especially among scientists who are "so young or so new to the crisis-ridden field that practice has committed them less deeply than most of their contemporaries to the world view and rules determined by the old paradigm."

Comment: The above mentioned video:

Further reading:


Beaker

Bacteria store 'memories' and pass them on for generations, study finds

Bacterial swarm
© The University of Texas at AustinBacterial swarm on a laboratory plate.
Scientists have discovered that bacteria can create something like memories about when to form strategies that can cause dangerous infections in people, such as resistance to antibiotics and bacterial swarms when millions of bacteria come together on a single surface. The discovery — which has potential applications for preventing and combatting bacterial infections and addressing antibiotic-resistant bacteria — relates to a common chemical element bacterial cells can use to form and pass along these memories to their progeny over later generations.

Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin found that E. coli bacteria use iron levels as a way to store information about different behaviors that can then be activated in response to certain stimuli.

The findings are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Scientists had previously observed that bacteria that had a prior experience of swarming (moving on a surface as a collective using flagella) improve subsequent swarming performance. The UT-led research team set out to learn why. Bacteria don't have neurons, synapses or nervous systems, so any memories are not like the ones of blowing out candles at a childhood birthday party. They are more like information stored on a computer.

Comment: One day the scientists will realize they are very bad philosophers, and that memory is at root a cognitive function. This will lead more and more of them to adopt a variety of panpsychism, such as that developed by Alfred North Whitehead, or more recently, Christopher Langan. Mind is universal, and fundamental.


Cassiopaea

Astronomers find a brilliant explosion that just keeps on exploding

A brilliant flash of blue light briefly outshined its host galaxy before fading away — but then it exploded again, and again.
Tasmanian Devil
© Caltech / R. Hurt (IPAC)Artist's impression of the Tasmanian Devil, an explosive flare that keeps on flaring, so far more than a dozen times.
On September 7, 2022, an automatic telescope picked up a blazing dot of blue light some 1,000 times brighter than a typical supernova. The brilliant blue flare lasted only days before it faded away, but not before an automated system had put astronomers on alert.

The system designated the event AT2022tsd, but it some came to be called the "Tasmanian Devil." It joined the short list of a special class of objects discovered in 2018 known as luminous fast blue optical transients (LFBOTs). Astronomers think these explosive flares are a special kind of supernova, but they could also be stars ripped apart in the intense gravitational field surrounding a neutron star or black hole. The devil, as they say, is in the details.

But while the Tasmanian Devil's discovery was a welcome surprise, the real bombshell came 100 days later. In December that year, Anna Ho (Cornell University) and colleagues were reviewing routine images that had monitored the fading flare when, to their bewilderment, they found a red-colored burst almost as bright as the original blue one, and in the same position on the sky.

Scouring for more data, both in the archive and then with new observations, the astronomers found another outburst — and then another, and another. The energy of each one of these outbursts is equivalent to that released from an exploding star. Overall, at least 14 flares followed the first one, Ho and colleagues report in Nature, and it's likely there were many more they missed.

"An event like this has never been witnessed before," says team member Jeff Cooke (Swinburne University of Technology and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Gravitational Wave Discovery, Australia).

"Indeed, optical flares following an explosive transient like the Tasmanian Devil — with luminosity similar to supernovae, but only lasting a minute or two — are a completely new (and unexpected) discovery," agrees Ashley Chrimes (ESA), who wasn't involved with the study.

Info

Recently discovered nova investigated by astronomers

AT 2023prq
© Research Notes of the AAS (2023). DOI: 10.3847/2515-5172/ad0a99DSS image of the Andromeda Galaxy and its surroundings. AT 2023prq is shown (star) with the two tidal stream classical novae (AT 2016dah and AT 2017fyp).
Astronomers from the Liverpool John Moores University have performed photometric and spectroscopic observations of a recently discovered nova, known as AT 2023prq. Results of the observational campaign, published in the November issue of the Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society (AAS), shed more light on the nature of this nova.

A nova is a star experiencing a sudden increase in brightness and slowly returning to its original state, a process that could last many months. Such an outburst, which releases an immense amount of energy, is the result of the accretion process in a close binary system containing a white dwarf and its companion. Studying novae is crucial in advancing our knowledge about fundamental astrophysical processes, including stellar evolution.

AT 2023prq (other designation ZTF23aaxzvrr) was detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) on August 15, 2023, in the halo of the Andromeda galaxy (or Messier 31, M31). It had an r′-band magnitude of 17.13 and shortly after its detection, follow-up observations of this nova commenced in order to get more insights into its properties.

Astronomers Michael Healy-Kalesh and Daniel Perley from the Liverpool John Moores University in Liverpool, UK, were among the first to observe AT 2023prq after it was identified. They used the Liverpool Telescope (LT) and various other ground-based facilities to monitor the nova until the end of August 2023.