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Thu, 21 Oct 2021
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Seismograph

Giant diamonds may hold the secret to understanding superdeep earthquakes

giant diamond deep earthquakes
© Evan Smith/ GIA
Imperfections such as the inclusions (dark flecks) in this diamond reveal that tectonic slabs can carry water deep into Earth's mantle.
Earthquakes shouldn't occur more than 300 kilometers below Earth's surface, according to most geophysical models. Yet they commonly do — a phenomenon that has mystified seismologists for decades. Now, researchers suggest water carried by tectonic plates shoved beneath continents could be triggering these deep temblors. The find may also explain another marvel: why a huge number of fist-size diamonds form at this depth.

Earthquakes typically occur when the two sides of a fault, or the opposite sides of a tectonic plate boundary, scrape past each other. But far beneath our planet's surface, the pressures are too high for such slippage, and rocks are typically so hot they ooze and flow rather than break. That has led geophysicists to come up with alternate explanations for deep seismic activity, which can be very strong but largely too far away for us to feel.

One idea is that some minerals, under the extreme heat and pressure deep within our planet, can suddenly lose volume, with the runaway collapse over large distances causing strong quakes. A second notion is that once a quake gets going — because of the sudden collapse of minerals or another cause — rocks near the tip of the rupture heat up even further and weaken, fueling the quake. A third cause might be water released from rocks deep below Earth's surface, which could weaken other rocks nearby, allowing them to fracture more easily. Researchers have largely dismissed that explanation, however, because it wasn't clear where such water would come from.

Comet 2

New Comet C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)

CBET 4972 & MPEC 2021-L11, issued on 2021, June 02, announce the discovery of a new comet (magnitude ~19.0) on CCD images taken by A. Maury and G. Attard on May 09.3 UT with the 0.28-m f/2.2 Rowe-Ackermann Schmidt astrograph at San Pedro de Atacama, Chile in the course of the MAP (W94) survey. The new comet has been designated C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard). This is the first amateur comet discovery of 2021. It is also the first comet ever discovered using the synthetic tracking technique (using TYCHO software).

Stacking of 27 unfiltered exposures, 30 seconds each, obtained remotely on 2021, May 16.3 from X02 (Telescope Live, Chile) through a 0.61-m f/6.5 astrograph + CCD, shows that this object is a comet with a compact coma about 7" arcsecond in diameter (Observers E. Guido, M. Rocchetto, E. Bryssinck, M. Fulle, G. Milani, C. Nassef, G. Savini, A. Valvasori).

Our confirmation images (click on the images for a bigger version; made with TYCHO software by D. Parrott)

comet C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)
© Remanzacco Blogspot

Mars

NASA rover spots ethereal 'mother of pearl' clouds glistening over Mars

Clouds drift over Mount Sharp in the Gale Crater
© NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Clouds drift over Mount Sharp in the Gale Crater on March 19, 2021, as seen by NASA's Curiosity rover.
Mars has a lot of wind and dust devils, but unlike Earth, it's not really famous for its clouds. That's one reason images of Martian clouds from NASA's Curiosity rover are so stunning.

Scientists had noticed clouds starting to form on Mars earlier than expected, so this year they laid in wait to make sure Curiosity could capture the ethereal formations, some of which took on very colorful characteristics.

"More than just spectacular displays, such images help scientists understand how clouds form on Mars and why these recent ones are different," NASA said in statement on Friday.

Researchers discovered the earliest cloud arrivals appeared at higher altitudes. A typical Mars clouds would be made of water ice, something we see on Earth. But these high-flying clouds might actually be made of dry ice, frozen carbon dioxide. The idea is still under investigation.

Doberman

Can dogs smell COVID? Here's what the science says

covid smelling dog
© Fatemeh Bahrami/Anadolu Agency/Getty
Research groups around the world are testing whether dogs can detect COVID-19 by smell.
Asher is an eccentric, Storm likes sunbathing and Maple loves to use her brain. All three could play a part in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, but they are not scientists or politicians. They are dogs.

And they are not alone. Around the world, canines are being trained to detect the whiff of COVID-19 infections. Dog trainers are claiming extraordinary results — in some cases, they say that dogs can detect the virus with almost perfect accuracy. Scientists involved with the efforts suggest that canines could help to control the pandemic because they can screen hundreds of people an hour in busy places such as airports or sports stadiums, and are cheaper to run than conventional testing methods such as the RNA-amplification technique PCR.

But most of these findings have not yet been peer reviewed or published, making it hard for the wider scientific community to evaluate the claims. Researchers working on more conventional viral tests say that initial results from dog groups are intriguing and show promise. But some question whether the process can be scaled up to a level that would allow the animals to make a meaningful impact.

Beaker

Natural antibody from common cold found to neutralize COVID-19, may lead to vaccine that protects against all coronaviruses

common cold, allergies
An antibody that develops after people have the common cold can neutralize the virus that causes COVID-19, a new study suggests.

Both the common cold and SARS-CoV-2 fall under a family known as coronaviruses, which cause upper-respiratory tract illnesses. However, it was believed that antibodies that react to ordinary coronaviruses didn't work against the virus that leads to COVID.

But in blood samples of COVID survivors, researchers found high levels of immune cells generated during the common cold that 'remember' diseases and are called back into action if the threat returns.

The team, from the Scripps Research Institute, in La Jolla, California, says the findings could help scientists develop a vaccine or antibody treatment that protects against all coronaviruses.

Comment: It appears that researchers have gone through a great deal of time, effort and money to prove the human immune system is capable of handling the majority of infectious viruses. Well done. [/sarcasm] The original standard of care was to isolate and treat the sick, not the healthy. Why has this suddenly changed?

But the real danger comes from directly interfering with the function of that immune system, which is what the mRNA vaccine is DESIGNED to do.


Bizarro Earth

Ancient Lake Toba volcanic eruption destroyed the ozone layer

Ozone depletion following the Toba eruption around 74,000 years ago compounded the ensuing volcanic winter and caused a human population bottleneck.

Lake Toba
© Karpov Oleg/Shutterstock
The eruption of the Toba volcano 74,000 years ago affected the planet's climate so drastically that it led to a drop in the human population.
A catastrophic drop in atmospheric ozone levels around the tropics is likely to have contributed to a bottleneck in the human population around 60 to 100,000 years ago, an international research team has suggested. The ozone loss, triggered by the eruption of the Toba supervolcano located in present-day Indonesia, might solve an evolutionary puzzle that scientists have been debating for decades.

"Toba has long been posited as a cause of the bottleneck, but initial investigations into the climate variables of temperature and precipitation provided no concrete evidence of a devastating effect on humankind," says Sergey Osipov at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, who worked on the project with KAUST's Georgiy Stenchikov and colleagues from King Saud University, NASA and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry.

"We point out that, in the tropics, near-surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the driving evolutionary factor. Climate becomes more relevant in the more volatile regions away from the tropics," says Stenchikov.

Large volcanic eruptions emit gases and ash that create a sunlight-attenuating aerosol layer in the stratosphere, causing cooling at the Earth's surface. This "volcanic winter" has multiple knock-on effects, such as cooler oceans, prolonged El Niño events, crop failures and disease.

Chalkboard

What the physics of skipping stones can tell us about aircraft water landings

skipping stone lake

Experiments by Chinese physicists have shed further light on the intricate physics involving in skipping a stone across the water's surface.
A combination of gyro effect and Magnus effect influences the deflection of trajectory

Learning how to skip stones across a lake or pond is a time-honored childhood tradition. The underlying physics of skipping stones could also be a useful model for landing aircraft or spacecraft on water, according to a recent paper published in the journal Physics of Fluids. Chinese physicists have built just such a model, and they used it to further clarify the key determining factors behind how many times a stone (or spacecraft) will bounce upon hitting the water.

Skipping stones is just the sort of natural everyday phenomenon that would fascinate physicists, even though at first glance the basic concepts seem simple. It all comes down to spin, speed, shape of the stone, and angle. As the stone hits the water, the force of impact pushes some of the water down, so the stone, in turn, is forced upwards. If the stone is traveling fast enough to meet a minimum velocity threshold, the stone will bounce; if not, it will sink. A round, flat stone is best, simply because its surface area displaces more water as it skips.

Telescope

Mysterious radio burst from space is unusually close - and especially baffling

M81 galaxy
© ASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STXCI/AURA)
Bright, fleeting blasts of radio waves coming from the vicinity of a nearby galaxy are deepening one of astronomy's biggest mysteries. The repeating bursts of energy seem to be coming from an ancient group of stars called a globular cluster, which is among the last places astronomers expected to find them.

Often originating billions of light-years away, the extremely bright, extremely brief bursts of radio waves known as fast radio bursts, or FRBs, have defied explanation since they were first spotted in 2007. Based on observations to date, scientists surmised that the bursts are powered by young, short-lived cosmic objects called magnetars.

But a fast radio burst discovered last year has now been traced to a globular cluster about 11.7 million light-years away, near the neighbouring spiral galaxy M81, according to a paper describing the discovery posted on the scientific preprint server arXiv. Finding this burst among a cluster of ageing stars is kind of like finding a smartphone embedded in Stonehenge — the observation doesn't make sense.

"This is definitely not a place fast radio bursts are expected to live," Bryan Gaensler, an astronomer at the University of Toronto and a co-author of the new paper, posted on Twitter. "Just what is going on?"

Scientists are struggling to explain the cosmic anachronism. They're also moving toward the conclusion that maybe, as with many other celestial phenomena, there are multiple ways to cook up a fast radio burst.

Sun

Chinese 'artificial sun' experimental fusion reactor sets new world record

artificial sun experiment
© Xinhua
China, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the US are jointly working on the ITER project.
The Chinese experiment is part of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project.

China's Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) has set a new record in the latest experiment, where it achieved a plasma temperature of 216 million Fahrenheit (120 million C) for 101 seconds. Not just that, the scientists working on the "artificial sun", also achieved 288 million Fahrenheit (160 million C) for 20 seconds, according to state media reports.

Situated at the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) in Hefei, the Tokamak device has been designed to reproduce the nuclear fusion process, something natural to the Sun and stars. The experiment is being carried out to provide infinite clean energy through controlled nuclear fusion. The previous record maintained a plasma temperature of 180 million F (100 million C) for 100 seconds, which has now been broken, a big step towards getting nuclear fusion to work.

Comment: See also:


Satellite

Lucky Strike? Tiny piece of space junk hits the International Space Station, leaves hole in robotic arm

Robotic arm hole
© NASA/Canadian Space Agency
Circle shows the impact site on the ISS robotic arm boom
A robotic arm attached to the outside of the International Space Station has been hit with space junk and visibly damaged, according to the Canadian Space Agency.

In a blog post, the CSA notes that 'a small section of the arm boom and thermal blanket' of Canadarm2 was hit. The space agency first noticed the incident 'during a routine inspection' on May 12. 'Despite the impact, results of the ongoing analysis indicate that the arm's performance remains unaffected,' CSA wrote in the post, adding that the robotic arm is 'continuing to conduct its planned operations.'

The amount of space junk has increased since the dawn of the space age and now and then, they have caused damage. NASA explained that 'a number' of space shuttle windows were replaced due to damage from material that was later found out to be paint flecks.

According to the US space agency, more than 27,000 pieces of space junk are tracked.

Comment: More details were offered from another report:
Officials called the hole a "lucky strike" given the relatively small size of the arm, which is 57.7 feet (17.6 meters) long and has a diameter of just 14 inches (35 cm).

The size of the hole is not apparent in the pictures, nor if the debris went all the way through. However, it does appear Canadarm2's role in keeping the space station properly maintained can continue without interruption, following careful work from both CSA and NASA.
"Results of the ongoing analysis indicate that the arm's performance remains unaffected. The damage is limited to a small section of the arm boom and thermal blanket."
Canadarm2 was scheduled soon to move a Canadian robotic hand, Dextre, into a spot to replace a faulty power switchbox called the Remote Power Control module, but CSA added that operation should not be affected whatsoever. Both Canadarm2 and Dextre are usually operated from CSA headquarters near Montreal, Quebec.