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New neurons discovered in inner ear by Swedish researchers

Research Group
© Stefan Zimmerman
Saida Hadjab, Haohao Wu, François Lallemend and Charles Petitpré, research group Lallemend, the Department of Neuroscience.
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have identified four types of neurons in the peripheral auditory system, three of which are new to science. The analysis of these cells can lead to new therapies for various kinds of hearing disorders, such as tinnitus and age-related hearing loss. The study is published in Nature Communications.

When sound reaches the inner ear, it is converted into electrical signals that are relayed to the brain via the ear's nerve cells in cochlea. Previously, most of these cells were considered to be of two types: type 1 and type 2 neurons, type 1 transmitting most of the auditory information. A new study by scientists at Karolinska Institutet shows that the type 1 cells actually comprise three very different cell types, which tallies with earlier research showing variations in the electrical properties and sonic response of type 1 cells.

Powertool

Sabotage or negligence? Drill holes and drill marks found inside and outside International Space Station

International Space Station
© NASA
A lingering saga of the mystery hole leaking precious air from the International Space Station is far from over, as drill scratches have been discovered on the station's anti-meteorite plating.

It was initially thought (let us leave conspiracy theories behind) that the air leak, which was discovered in late August on Soyuz spacecraft docked at the ISS was caused by a micrometeorite. Later on, Russian media revealed the drill hole was made on the ground by a reckless assembly worker - he was identified and properly sanctioned, we were told.

Yet, the story does not end there. "There are drilling traces not only inside the living module [of the ISS], but also on anti-meteorite plates," a space industry source told TASS news agency. These plates are mounted outside of the station's hermetic hull.

Comment: See also:


Microscope 1

Michigan rockhunter discovers glowing, florescent rocks called "yooperlites"

yooperlites fluorescent rocks
© Facebook/Yooperlites
A Michigan man who discovered a new rock type uses a black light to search for the distinctive glowing rocks along the beaches of Lake Superior.
Erik Rintamaki was searching for rocks on a Michigan beach last summer when he made what he calls a "mind blowing" discovery. Resting among the thousands of pebbles covering the Lake Superior beach, Rintamaki saw a glowing rock.

The gem and mineral dealer told CBS News he often goes rock hunting. But on this particular June night, he found a rock unlike any other - a florescent orb that he later named "Yooperlite." Like lava glowing through cracks in the earth, a glowing light seeped out of the lines in the small rock.

Rintamaki knew this couldn't be the only Yooperlite out there, but he couldn't find any information about glowing rocks online. He knows many people in the gem and mineral field, but everyone he asked had no clue what these mysterious rocks were.

Rocket

Spectacular video shows Russian S-300 fire missiles at Vostok 2018 military drills

Russian S-300
© YouTube
Russian Ministry of Defence
The Russian Defense Ministry has released breathtaking footage of S-300 anti-aircraft systems launching missiles during Vostok 2018 exercise. Other stunning highlights from the drills were also caught on camera.

The spectacular video shows S-300s preparing to fire missiles at an undisclosed location during the Russian military's Vostok 2018 war games which run until September 17. The missiles are seen launching from their silos and traversing the skies over the woods.

Accompanied by Buk-M1 medium-range air defense systems, the S-300s then quickly leave their firing positions and move to another spot.

Magnify

Geologists reveal Great Britain was created by collision of 3 landmasses

britain created collision landmass

For centuries scientists thought England, Wales and Scotland were created by the merger of two land masses, Avalonia and Laurentia, more than 400 million years ago, but a third land mass called Armorica was involved in the process, geologists now say
The British mainland was formed from the collision of not two, but three ancient continental land masses, according to new research.

Scientists have for centuries believed that England, Wales and Scotland were created by the merger of Avalonia and Laurentia more than 400 million years ago.

However, geologists based at the University of Plymouth now believe that a third land mass-Armorica-was also involved in the process.

The findings are published in Nature Communications and follow an extensive study of mineral properties at exposed rock features across Devon and Cornwall.

Comment: For further speculation coming from an independent researcher along with some intriguing data and graphics, see: Shaping Scotland In Two Shakes


Info

Ectogenesis: Artificial wombs could soon be a reality

biobag
© Jellyfish Pictures/Getty Images/Science Photo Library RM
The biobag artifical womb is intended to improve the survival rates of premature babies.

Technology is well on the way to realising ectogenesis, improving premature baby survival and increasing fertility options. But it also has other, more frightening, implications.


We are approaching a biotechnological breakthrough. Ectogenesis, the invention of a complete external womb, could completely change the nature of human reproduction. In April this year, researchers at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia announced their development of an artificial womb. The "biobag" is intended to improve the survival rates of premature babies and is a significant step forward from conventional incubators. Their results show that lambs (at the equivalent of a premature human foetus of 22-24 weeks) are able to successfully grow in the biobag, with the oldest lamb now more than one year old.

Comment: Welcome to the Matrix - Artificial wombs successfully pass 1st test, human trials could begin within 3yrs


Better Earth

Quantum Blue: The newest blue pigment— And how a color becomes a commodity

quantum blue
© Maria Chatzidakis.
Painting by Olga Alexopoulou using Quantum Blue. Photo by Maria Chatzidakis.
If you google "Quantum Blue," the top results, as of this writing, will all pertain to a 341-foot-long megayacht of that name owned by Russian billionaire Sergey Galitskiy. But that may soon change. In late August, scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in northern California, working with artist Olga Alexopoulou and color researcher Maria Chatzidakis, made strides towards developing a new, high-tech pigment dubbed "Quantum Blue."

The new color uses nanotechnology to achieve an exceptionally pure hue of blue that is best seen under ultraviolet (UV) light, which gives it an otherworldly, radioactive glow. (Without UV lighting, it has an unremarkable off-white appearance.) The key components of the futuristic blue are quantum dots: tiny semiconductor particles usually measuring no more than one millionth of an inch in size. Quantum dots convert light into color with exceptional speed and clarity, which has already made them popular with electronics manufacturers working on the next generation of ultra-high-definition screens. When she learned about quantum dots, Alexopoulou-whose own work involves a lot of blues, especially the historical Prussian blue-wondered whether the nanoscopic technology could be turned into a pigment for artists.

"Blue has a wonderful paradox about it, which is that it's the color that, statistically, most people across many cultures choose as their favorite, even though it's actually the most difficult color for the human eye to see," she said. "After working with blue for so many years, it felt like a natural progression to want to create something myself."

Comment: See also:


Beaker

Nanotechnology researchers discover a 'tuneable' novel quantum state of matter

tunable quantum matter
© M. Z. Hasan, Jia-Xin Yin, Songtian Sonia Zhang, Princeton University
When the Princeton researchers turn an external magnetic field in different directions (indicated with arrows), they change the orientation of the linear electron flow above the kagome (six-fold) magnet, as seen in these electron wave interference patterns on the surface of a topological quantum kagome magnet. Each pattern is created in the lab of Princeton Professor Zahid Hasan by a particular direction of the external magnetic field applied on the sample.
Quantum particles can be difficult to characterize, and almost impossible to control if they strongly interact with each other - until now.

An international team of researchers led by Princeton physicist Zahid Hasan has discovered a quantum state of matter that can be "tuned" at will - and it's 10 times more tuneable than existing theories can explain. This level of manipulability opens enormous possibilities for next-generation nanotechnologies and quantum computing.

"We found a new control knob for the quantum topological world," said Hasan, the Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics. "We expect this is tip of the iceberg. There will be a new subfield of materials or physics grown out of this. ... This would be a fantastic playground for nanoscale engineering."

Hasan and his colleagues, whose research appears in the current issue of Nature, are calling their discovery a "novel" quantum state of matter because it is not explained by existing theories of material properties.

Jupiter

Jupiter and Saturn 'bullied' other planets away from the Sun in the early beginnings of the universe

Jupiter trojan belt
© NASA/JPL-Caltech
Artist's impression of the Jupiter Trojan belt.
Researchers studying the lone surviving binary asteroid in the Trojan belt orbiting Jupiter have revealed that the chaos at the beginning of our solar system may have been shorter but more violent than previously thought.

A new study on the binary asteroid Patroclus-Menoetius reveals that within the first 100 million years of the solar system's existence, Jupiter and Saturn shoved Uranus and Neptune away from the sun towards the Kuiper belt, a mass of primordial celestial bodies, in a kind of cosmic eviction.

The binary asteroid consists of a pair of celestial bodies both roughly 100km (62 miles) in diameter that are found within the Jupiter Trojan belt, a mass of objects that orbits the sun in line with the gas giant of our solar system.

"The Trojans were likely captured during a dramatic period of dynamic instability when a skirmish between the solar system's giant planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - occurred," David Nesvorny, one of the team from the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado, said in a press release.
Patroclus-Menoetius
© W.M. Keck Observatory/Lynette Cook
Patroclus-Menoetius

Russian Flag

Russia puts S-300s & S-400s into combat mode for Vostok military drill

Russian S-400 missile system
© Sputnik
Russian S-300 and S-400 air defense missile systems are put in combat mode to practice hitting targets in the largest military drill the nation has held since the 1980s.

A video released by the Russian Defense Ministry shows cranes placing surface-to-air missiles on launch vehicles, while soldiers monitor radar in command centers. The launchers are later set into firing position, ready to shoot down incoming aircraft and enemy missiles. The Pantsir-S missile-gun systems can also be seen securing the area.

"We have repelled an enemy aerial attack. The unit has executed its task with excellence," the battery commander, Lieutenant Colonel Maksim Voronoy, said.

Comment: Also see: The Vostok-2018: 300k troops & thousands of war machines - Russia starts biggest military drill in decades