Science & TechnologyS


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Scientists discover bacterium that transmutes gold, were the alchemists right?

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© UnknownScientist Frank Reith in Australia
Gold is in the news, not only because of its record high at $1,060 an ounce according to the Globe and Mail, but also through Australian scientists' recent study of a bacterium that plays a basic role in the cycle of solid gold formation.

From prehistoric times and Egyptian goldmines; from the gifts of the Magi in the New Testament to King Midas' coins, not only were alchemists captivated by this shiny yellow metal, but once upon a time, we converted our skills and energy into this precious metal when our society's monetary system was based on the gold standard.

Sherlock

Rune Stone from 400 AD Discovered in Southern Norway

Stone
© VGThe stone was found in Arnstein Henriksen's yard in Hogganvik, Mandal in Vest-Agder county.
Experts are now examining a unique rune stone dating back to around 400 AD, discovered in a garden in the city of Mandal in Southern Norway a week ago. The find may also contain a grave, reports Norway Post.

This is the first rune stone discovered in Norway since 1947, and the find is described as a sensation by the experts.

There are several lines of runes cut into the face of the stone, but it seems the style of writing is a bit different from earlier finds, and more difficult to desipher.

However, it is determined that one sentence begins "Ek Naudigastir" (I Naudagistr). It is believed Naugadistr is a man's name.

Under the rune stone there is also another large stone, which may cover what the experts believe to be a grave, since another grave was discovered on the same property around 20 years ago.

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How Does a Worm Build a Throat? Tackling the 'Organ Formation Puzzle'

Worm
© Rose LincolnHer team observes how one cell becomes two, two become four, and so on, focusing on how pools of cells in the mature worm do things in a cohesive fashion, forming an organ such as the throat - the worm organ Mango studies.
Mention worms to most people, and they probably think of fishing, gardening, or trips to the vet. Mention them to Susan E. Mango, and she begins telling you how "absolutely beautiful" they are, how she marvels at their development from single cells into the six chromosome, 20,000 gene organisms upon which she has built a career that in just the past years included a MacArthur "genius" award and an appointment as a Harvard professor of molecular and cellular biology.

Regardless of the kinds of visions the mention of worms conjure, Mango is convinced that, in time, they will reveal a few important ideas about the ways in which entire human organs are formed.

"The notion that you can track individual cells in them is just phenomenal," she says. Her team observes how one cell becomes two, two become four, and so on, focusing on how pools of cells in the mature worm do things in a cohesive fashion, forming an organ such as the throat - the worm organ Mango studies.

Mango and her team are hardly the first to make use of these tiny creatures, the worms known in the world of biology as C. elegans.

Sherlock

The Fall of the Maya: 'They Did it to Themselves'

Ruins
© Tom SeverMayan ruins in Guatemala.
For 1200 years, the Maya dominated Central America. At their peak around 900 A.D., Maya cities teemed with more than 2,000 people per square mile -- comparable to modern Los Angeles County. Even in rural areas the Maya numbered 200 to 400 people per square mile. But suddenly, all was quiet. And the profound silence testified to one of the greatest demographic disasters in human prehistory -- the demise of the once vibrant Maya society.

What happened? Some NASA-funded researchers think they have a pretty good idea.

"They did it to themselves," says veteran archeologist Tom Sever.

Sherlock

8-Horned T. Rex Cousin Found - Dinosaur Was "Ballerina"

8-Horned T. Rex Cousin
© Jason Brougham & Frank Ippolito8-Horned T. Rex Cousin
A sleek cousin of Tyrannosaurus rex has been unearthed in Asia's Gobi desert.

The discovery reveals that the fearsome "tyrant lizards," or tyrannosaurids, were much more diverse than thought.

"Instead of [its] big bad boy ... relatives, this one is more like a ballerina," said study co-author Stephen Brusatte, a vertebrate paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

A well-preserved skull and a near-complete skeleton from the new species of eight-horned, long-snouted carnivore - dubbed Alioramus altai - were unearthed in 2001 in Mongolia.

The predator (seen at top in an artist's conception) lived in the hot, lush floodplains of the late Cretaceous, near the end of the age of dinosaurs, roughly 65 million years ago.

Sherlock

Mini-Stonehenge Found: Crematorium on Stonehenge Road?

Stone Age travelers
© Peter DunnAs smoke rises in the distance, Stone Age travelers haul their boats onto the shores of the River Avon at Bluestonehenge, shown in a new artist's conception.
Sorry, Spinal Tap fans - though a newfound stone circle in England is being called a mini-Stonehenge, it was never in danger of being crushed by a dwarf.

Thirty-three-foot-wide (ten-meter-wide) "Bluestonehenge" was discovered just over a mile (1.6 kilometers) from the original Stonehenge near Salisbury, United Kingdom, scientists announced today.

The 5,000-year-old ceremonial site is thought to have been a key stop along an ancient route between a land of the living, several miles away, and a domain of the dead - Stonehenge. At least one archaeologist thinks Bluestonehenge may have been a sort of crematorium.

Named for the color of its long-gone stones, Bluestonehenge, or Bluehenge, was dismantled thousands of years ago, and many of its standing stones were integrated into Stonehenge during a rebuilding of the larger monument, according to the archaeologists.

Battery

Large-Scale Cousin of Elusive 'Magnetic Monopoles' Found

Sphere
© NISTMagnetic monopoles are created when the spin of an ion in one corner of a spin ice crystal is knocked askew, creating a monopole (red sphere) and adjacent antimonopole (blue sphere)
Any child can tell you that a magnet has a "north" and a "south" pole, and that if you break it into two pieces, you invariably get two smaller magnets with two poles of their own. But scientists have spent the better part of the last eight decades trying to find, in essence, a magnet with only one pole. A team working at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has found one.

In 1931, Paul Dirac, one of the rock stars of the physics world, made the somewhat startling prediction that "magnetic monopoles," or particles possessing only a single pole - either north or south - should exist. His conclusion stemmed from examining a famous set of equations that explains the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Maxwell's equations apply to long-known electric monopole particles, such as negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons; but despite Dirac's prediction, no one has found magnetic monopole particles.

Now, a research team working at NIST's Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), led by Hiroaki Kadowaki of Tokyo Metropolitan University, has found the next best thing. By creating a compound that under certain conditions forms large, molecule-sized monopoles that behave exactly as the predicted particles should, the team has found a way to explore magnetic monopoles in the laboratory, not just on the chalkboard. (Another research team, working simultaneously, published similar findings in Science last month.)

Sherlock

New Giant Lizard: Komodo Cousin "A Nasty Piece of Work"

A possible new species of giant prehistoric lizard - bigger and badder than the deadly Komodo dragon - may have stalked the ancient Australian outback, a new study says.

Three fossilized bones of the mysterious 13-foot-long (4-meter-long) lizard were collected in 1966 in western Timor island, part of Indonesia.

When study leader Scott Hocknull recently examined the fossils, he was "astounded" to find that they belonged neither to the Komodo dragon - the only giant lizard species alive today - nor Megalania, a 16-foot-long (5-meter-long) extinct monster that's among the largest lizards known to have ever lived.

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Worst Volcanoes Even More Dangerous Than Feared

Chaitén volcano
© Alvaro Vidal/AP A column of smoke and ash rises from Chile's Chaitén volcano on May 31, 2008.
Some of the world's most dangerous volcanoes can erupt much more quickly than scientists had suspected, according to a new study of the massive 2008 eruption of Chile's Chaitén volcano. (See Chaitén eruption photos.)

Normally scientists can track the seismic rumblings that precede most volcanic eruptions for weeks or even months, as magma in the volcano slowly rises to the surface.

But when townspeople at the base of the Chaitén volcano first felt earthquakes on April 30, 2008, they had only 30 hours to get out before the long-dormant volcano began to blow its top.

On May 3, 2008, magma rocketed up through Earth's crust, moving 3.1 miles (5 kilometers) up to the Chaitén volcano's surface in only about four hours. An enormous eruption column soared 12 miles (19 kilometers) into the sky.

Thousands of Chaitén villagers had enough time to evacuate. But future victims who live in the shadows of these so-called rhyolitic volcanoes may not be so lucky.

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Volcanoes Wiped Out All Forests 250 Million Years Ago

Forest
© Tom Stoddart/Getty Images Trees damaged by the effects of toxic acid rain in the highly polluted area known as the "Black Triangle" are seen in northern Czechoslovakia in 1991.
Massive volcanic eruptions wiped out the world's forests about 250 million years ago, leaving the planet teeming with wood-eating fungi, according to a new study.

The finding confirms that even hardy trees didn't survive the Permian mass extinction, one of the most devastating losses of life Earth has ever known.

During the so-called Great Dying, more than 95 percent of marine species and 70 percent of land species disappeared, most likely victims of toxic gases spewed by a prolonged volcanic eruption centered in present-day Siberia.

The eruption produced acid rain on a global scale and depleted the ozone layer, allowing more of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays to hit the planet's surface.

Until now, researchers hadn't found much hard physical evidence for what had happened to plants during the mass extinction, so many had assumed that Permian forests survived relatively unscathed.