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Cassiopaea

'Diffuse erasers': New type of aurora described by physicists

aurora
© Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain
For millennia, humans in the high latitudes have been enthralled by auroras — the northern and southern lights. Yet even after all that time, it appears the ethereal, dancing ribbons of light above Earth still hold some secrets.

In a new study, physicists led by the University of Iowa report a new feature to Earth's atmospheric light show. Examining video taken nearly two decades ago, the researchers describe multiple instances where a section of the diffuse aurora — the faint, background-like glow accompanying the more vivid light commonly associated with auroras — goes dark, as if scrubbed by a giant blotter. Then, after a short period of time, the blacked-out section suddenly reappears.

The researchers say the behavior, which they call "diffuse auroral erasers," has never been mentioned in the scientific literature. The findings appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics.

Comment: It's notable that a number of other new kinds of aurora have been discovered recently: See also: Also check out SOTT radio's: Behind the Headlines: Earth changes in an electric universe: Is climate change really man-made?


Cassiopaea

Cassiopeia nova brightens suddenly

A star in the constellation Cassiopeia that flared into view during mid-March has erupted to naked-eye visibility. Catch it while you can!
V1405 Cassiopeiae
© Bob King
Nova Cassiopeia 2021 (V1405 Cas) shines at magnitude 5.5 on Saturday night, May 8th, from Duluth, Minnesota. It's located about 5.5° above the familiar W of Cassiopeia. The view faces north around 11:30 p.m. local time.
Novae are full of surprises. When discovered at the onset of the explosion, a nova can brighten from obscurity and become visible in binoculars in a matter of hours. Some plateau and then fade. Others fade and then temporarily re-brighten one or more times before returning to their former slumbers.

Enter Nova Cassiopeiae 2021, formally named V1405 Cassiopeiae. Discovered at magnitude 9.6 by Japanese amateur Yuji Nakamura on March 18th, it rapidly brightened to around magnitude 7.5-8.0 magnitude, then remained fairly constant in brightness for the next four weeks at magnitude 8.0. In mid-April the nova began to slowly brighten again, ending the month at magnitude 7.5.

V1405 Cas Brightens
© AAVSO
This light curve of V1405 Cas tracks its changes in brightness from discovery (left) to May 9 UT. The uptick in early May is striking.
The big surprise came on May 6-7, when V1405 Cas did a pole vault, shooting up almost two magnitudes to 5.7! As of May 8-9, it's still climbing, albeit more slowly. I spotted the nova without optical aid on May 9.18 UT at magnitude 5.5. At the time, Cassiopeia hung below the North Star at its nadir. At 20° altitude it appeared faint and required averted vision, but it was still a thrill to see with the naked eye. While several novae are discovered each year, bright ones are uncommon.

Meteor

Russian space surveillance station records space activity surge in 2021

Earth from space
© CCO
Russia's Okno-M facility, part of the Centre for Outer Space Monitoring, recorded 30,000 moving objects since the beginning of the year, which marks an increase in space activity compared to 2020, the Russian Defence Ministry stated on Saturday.

"In the four months of 2021, the Russian optoelectronic system for detecting space objects Okno-M, located in Tajikistan's Sanglok mountains (the Pamir mountain range) at an altitude of 2,200 meters [7,200 feet] above sea level, recorded movement of about 30,000 space objects," the ministry said in a statement.

According to the ministry, it marks a significant increase compared to the previous year when the system tracked a total of 25,000 space objects.

The system automatically tracks and monitors man-made space objects at altitudes from 120 kilometres up to 50,000 kilometres, the ministry noted. This allows to observe movement of objects "as small as a tennis ball" above low Earth orbit, including satellites in medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit and high Earth orbit, the ministry said.

Comment: Meanwhile a record number of asteroids were observed flying past Earth in 2020 - despite lockdowns interrupting surveys.

NASA Center for Near Earth Object Studies graph
© Nature
Source: NASA Center for Near Earth Object Studies



Document

Chinese military scientists discussed weaponizing SARS Coronaviruses in document obtained by US Gov, says Aussie media

Chinese lab BSL-4
© Johannes Eisele/Agence France-Presse/Getty Images
China’s first BSL-4 lab at the Wuhan Institute of Virology.
Scientists in the Chinese military discussed weaponizing SARS coronaviruses in a document obtained by the United States Government where they discussed their ideas about using biological weapons to win a third world war. According to The Weekend Australian report:
"The document, written by People's Liberation Army scientists and senior Chinese public health officials in 2015, was obtained by the US State Department as it conducted an investigation into the origins of COVID-19. The paper describes SARS ­coronaviruses as heralding a 'new era of genetic weapons' and says they can be 'artificially manipulated into an emerging human ­disease virus, then weaponized and unleashed in a way never seen before.'"
The report was careful to caution that no information has been made public suggesting that the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic was the result of an intentional act. Many officials have urged investigations into the Wuhan Institute of Virology to determine if that lab, which is China's only Biosafety Level-4 lab (BSL-4), had any role in the origin of the pandemic. BSL-4 is a designation for facilities that are designed to handle pathogens so contagious and dangerous that "infections caused by these microbes are frequently fatal and without treatment or vaccines," according to the CDC.

Beaker

Tracking the origin of Covid — following the clues

coronavirus covid electron miscroscope
© P. Zhou et al/Nature 2020
The coronavirus (small circles shown in this electron micrograph) uses the same cellular protein as SARS to gain access to cells.
Did people or nature open Pandora's box at Wuhan?

The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted lives the world over for more than a year. Its death toll will soon reach three million people. Yet the origin of pandemic remains uncertain: the political agendas of governments and scientists have generated thick clouds of obfuscation, which the mainstream press seems helpless to dispel.

In what follows I will sort through the available scientific facts, which hold many clues as to what happened, and provide readers with the evidence to make their own judgments. I will then try to assess the complex issue of blame, which starts with, but extends far beyond, the government of China.

By the end of this article, you may have learned a lot about the molecular biology of viruses. I will try to keep this process as painless as possible. But the science cannot be avoided because for now, and probably for a long time hence, it offers the only sure thread through the maze.

Comment: Another possibility that NO ONE will touch, is that ground zero for the virus was actually the US, cooked up at the bio-weapons lab at Ft. Detrick. That theory says it was brought to China by US participants in the Wuhan Military Games in October 2019. There was also the suspicious outbreak of serious lung infections in August-September 2019 that was attributed to vaping. Cover story?


Galaxy

Powerful magnetic fields in space have been seen bending black hole jets

black hole warp
© (Chibueze, Sakemi, Ohmura et al.; Takumi Ohmura, Mami Machida, Hirotaka Nakayama, 4D2U Project, NAOJ)
Above: The bent jet structures as observed by MeerKAT (left). On the right are simulations showing how magnetic fields could be causing these shapes.
In a galaxy cluster called Abell 3376, some 600 million light-years from Earth, one galaxy has an active supermassive black hole, gobbling up matter at a furious rate - a process that blasts powerful jets of plasma hundreds of thousands, sometimes even millions, of light-years into intergalactic space.

Astronomers have now found that, at a certain distance from the black hole, these jets are being bent at a right angle by powerful intergalactic magnetic fields.

That galaxy is called MRC 0600-399, and its jets were already known for their bizarre, bent shape.

Comment: See also: And check out SOTT radio's:


Newspaper

Most human origins theories are not compatible with known fossils

evolution human
© Christopher M. Smith
The last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans represents the starting point of human and chimpanzee evolution. Fossil apes play an essential role when it comes to reconstructing the nature of our ape ancestry.
In the 150 years since Charles Darwin speculated that humans originated in Africa, the number of species in the human family tree has exploded, but so has the level of dispute concerning early human evolution. Fossil apes are often at the center of the debate, with some scientists dismissing their importance to the origins of the human lineage (the "hominins"), and others conferring them starring evolutionary roles. A new review out on May 7 in the journal Science looks at the major discoveries in hominin origins since Darwin's works and argues that fossil apes can inform us about essential aspects of ape and human evolution, including the nature of our last common ancestor.

Comment: See also: And check out SOTT radio's:


Question

How Long is a Day on Venus? We Finally Know the Exact Answer

Venus image
© NASA
Venus
Venus, aka. Earth's "Sister Planet," has always been shrouded in mystery for astronomers. Despite being planet Earth's closest neighbor, scientists remained ignorant of what Venus' surface even looked like for well into the 20th century, thanks to its incredibly dense and opaque atmosphere. Even in the age of robotic space exploration, its surface has been all but inaccessible to probes and landers.

And so the mysteries of Venus have endured, not the least of which has to do with some of its most basic characteristics - like its internal mass distribution and variations in the length of a day. Thanks to observations conducted by a team led from UCLA, who repeatedly bounced radar off the planet's surface for the past 15 years, scientists now know the precise length of a day on Venus, the tilt of its axis, and the size of its core.

The team's study, titled "Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus," recently appeared in the journal Nature Astronomy. The team was led by Jean-Luc Margot, a Professor of Earth and planetary sciences and astrophysics at UCLA. He was joined by researchers from Cornell University, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's (NRAO) Green Bank Observatory.
Venus in colors
© Jean-Luc Margot/UCLA/NASA
Radar measurements of Venus’ surface, used to determine its rate of spin and axial tilt.

Blue Planet

'Mother Trees' are intelligent: They learn and remember

Suzanne Simard mother trees book
© Brendan Ko
Author Suzanne Simard
Few researchers have had the pop culture impact of Suzanne Simard. The University of British Columbia ecologist was the model for Patricia Westerford, a controversial tree scientist in Richard Powers's 2019 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Overstory. Simard's work also inspired James Cameron's vision of the godlike "Tree of Souls" in his 2009 box office hit Avatar. And her research was prominently featured in German forester Peter Wohlleben's 2016 nonfiction bestseller The Hidden Life of Trees.

What captured the public's imagination was Simard's findings that trees are social beings that exchange nutrients, help one another and communicate about insect pests and other environmental threats.

Previous ecologists had focused on what happens aboveground, but Simard used radioactive isotopes of carbon to trace how trees share resources and information with one another through an intricately interconnected network of mycorrhizal fungi that colonize trees' roots. In more recent work, she has found evidence that trees recognize their own kin and favor them with the lion's share of their bounty, especially when the saplings are most vulnerable.

Comment: Further reading:


Info

Plants respond to 'painful' stimuli in fascinating ways

Cut Tree
© Pavel_Klimenko/Shutterstock
Many things separate the kingdoms of animal and plant. One of them, we might suppose, is pain. Humans — along with all other nerve-endowed organisms — experience damage to their bodies as subjectively unpleasant. Plants are just as prone to injury, of course, and they respond to injury in their own way. But we feel the stabs and aches in a way they presumably don't.

Lacking the brain and nervous system needed to conjure consciousness (not to mention nociceptors, the animalian cells that react to painful stimuli), our vegetal cousins endure munching insects and withering drought without a hint of suffering as we know it. Even clear-cutting of entire forests, as devastating as it is to the overall ecosystem, won't bother an individual tree in the slightest. Weeding the garden is not botanical torture, and vegetarians can rest easy in the knowledge that their salads are cruelty-free.

That said, plants — like every form of life — have evolved tools to avoid and mitigate damage to themselves. Over the past few decades, biologists have learned much about their astonishing ability to sense and react to danger in their environments. Easy as it is to imagine ourselves in their roots, though, we must remember the immense physiological gap between humans and plants. "We anthropomorphize so readily, and that's why we use the word 'pain'," says Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh, a professor of biology at the University of Washington. "But it's not appropriate to apply to a similar response in plants."