Science & Technology
It may seem cliched to say AI is transforming every aspect of the way we live and work, but it's true. Various forms of AI are at work in fields as diverse as vaccine development, environmental management and office administration. And while AI does not possess human-like intelligence and emotions, its capabilities are powerful and rapidly developing.
There's no need to worry about a machine takeover just yet, but this recent discovery highlights the power of AI and underscores the need for proper governance to prevent misuse.
How AI can learn to influence human behaviour
A team of researchers at CSIRO's Data61, the data and digital arm of Australia's national science agency, devised a systematic method of finding and exploiting vulnerabilities in the ways people make choices, using a kind of AI system called a recurrent neural network and deep reinforcement-learning. To test their model they carried out three experiments in which human participants played games against a computer.
Would you believe, Earth is windy, too? Our own planet produces a breeze of electrified gas. It's like the solar wind, only different, and it may have important implications for space weather on the Moon.
"Earth wind" comes from the axes of our planet. Every day, 24/7, fountains of gas shoot into space from the poles. The leakage is tiny compared to Earth's total atmosphere, but it is enough to fill the magnetosphere with a riot of rapidly blowing charged particles. Ingredients include ionized hydrogen, helium, oxygen and nitrogen.
Everyone needs to stay safe from these invisible but murderously mighty microbes by shunning contact with the unwashed, unmasked and unvaccinated. But is that drastic approach — which is accompanied by severe curtailment of civil liberties and constitutional rights — warranted?
It turns out that the case for the variants' contagiousness and dangerousness centres largely on the theoretical effects of just one change said to stem from a mutation in the virus's genes. And, as I'll show in this article, that case is very shaky. I also have an accompanying nine-minute 'explainer' video.
That one change is known as N501Y — scientific shorthand for the substitution of one protein building block (amino acid) for another at position 501 in the part of the virus called the spike protein. Specifically, position 501 lies in the portion of the spike protein that's responsible for the intimate coupling between the virus and cells that lets the virus slip inside and multiply.
[Note that any such amino-acid switcheroo is correctly called a change, not a mutation. Mutations occur only in genes. For some reason many scientists and scribes who ought to know better are mistakenly calling N501Y and other amino-acid changes 'mutations.' ]
The corvid family of birds, which includes crows, ravens, jays and magpies, had been observed previously to use tools, as well as remember the faces of people they like or don't like, or drop nuts on the road so that passing cars will crack them open. At a train station once, I watched a pair of crows team up at a water fountain. While one pushed the button with its beak, the other drank from the water that started to flow.
Nieder's experiment showed that the birds were actively evaluating how to solve a particular problem they were confronted with. In effect, they were thinking it over. This ability to consciously assess a problem is associated with the cerebral cortex in the brains of humans. But birds have no cerebral cortex. Nieder found that in crows, thinking occurs in the pallium — the layers of gray and white matter covering the upper surface of the cerebrum in vertebrates.

Engravings of Giraffes near Gobero in Niger, ca. 8,000 years old, witness ancient greent times in the desert.
Together with the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, a team of scientists organized a research cruise on the Dutch vessel Pelagia to the Gulf of Sirte in December 2011. "We suspected that when the Sahara Desert was green, the rivers that are presently dry would have been active and would have brought particles into the Gulf of Sirte", says lead author Cécile Blanchet. Such sediments would help to better understand the timing and circumstances for the reactivation of these rivers.
Comment: That the researchers evidently haven't considered the impact cataclysmic events would have had on the world's climate leads one to suspect that they're missing a significant piece of the puzzle for deciphering the past, as well as for forecasting our future:
- Of Flash Frozen Mammoths and Cosmic Catastrophes
- Cyclical climate change: Major drought in the Middle Ages and its parallels with today
- When Antarctica was a rainforest

The ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter studies water vapour and its components as it rises through the atmosphere and out into space. By looking specifically at the ratio of hydrogen to its heavier counterpart deuterium, the evolution of water loss over time can be traced.
The traces of ancient valleys and river channels suggest liquid water once flowed across the surface of Mars. Today, the water is mostly locked up in the planet's ice caps or buried underground.
But some of it is vaporising, in the form of hydrogen leaking from the atmosphere, according to the new research co-authored in the journal Science Advances by two scientists at Britain's Open University.
What's Alpha Centauri? It's the closest star system to our own, comprising three different stars. There are Alpha Centauri A and B, which are sun-like stars that form a tight binary orbit around one another about 4.37 light years away. And then there's Proxima Centauri, a small red dwarf that's actually closer to us (4.24 light-years away) and has a much looser gravitational relationship with the other two stars.
Proxima Centauri is orbited by two planets, one of which (Proxima b) seems be an Earth-size exoplanet in the habitable zone (the region of a star's orbit where liquid water can form on the surface). But Proxima b is thought to be tidally locked and inundated by stellar winds, which means it's unlikely to be habitable.
One such behemoth has finally given up at least some of its secrets, with chemists managing to gather just enough einsteinium to flesh out important details on the mysterious element's chemistry and ability to form bonds.
For the better part of 70 years, isotopes of einsteinium have proven frustratingly difficult to study. Either they're way too hard to make, or they have a half-life of less than a year, and what precious little is created begins to fall apart like a sandcastle at high tide.
Researchers showed detectors can be defeated by inserting inputs called adversarial examples into every video frame. The adversarial examples are slightly manipulated inputs which cause artificial intelligence systems such as machine learning models to make a mistake. In addition, the team showed that the attack still works after videos are compressed.
Shehzeen Hussain, a UC San Diego computer engineering Ph.D. student and first co-author on the WACV paper, said:
"Our work shows that attacks on deepfake detectors could be a real-world threat. More alarmingly, we demonstrate that it's possible to craft robust adversarial deepfakes in even when an adversary may not be aware of the inner workings of the machine learning model used by the detector."In deepfakes, a subject's face is modified in order to create convincingly realistic footage of events that never actually happened. As a result, typical deepfake detectors focus on the face in videos: first tracking it and then passing on the cropped face data to a neural network that determines whether it is real or fake. For example, eye blinking is not reproduced well in deepfakes, so detectors focus on eye movements as one way to make that determination. State-of-the-art Deepfake detectors rely on machine learning models for identifying fake videos.

Composite image of X-ray data from Chandra (blue) and radio emission from the very large array (red) of Sagittarius A East. Elements detected suggest this is the first remnant of a rare type Iax supernovas found in our galaxy.
Before we had any idea what caused them, supernovas - powerful, luminous stellar explosions - were categorized based on their dominant spectral lines. The most useful of these for research purposes turned out to be those known as Type Ia, which have the very convenient trait of always being roughly the same in their intrinsic brightness. By measuring how much light we see from a Type Ia supernova astronomers can get a good estimate of how far away the explosion, and therefore the galaxy in which it is housed, is from us.
This has served us well enough to reveal the fact the universe's expansion is accelerating, but between one-sixth and one-third of what at first looks like Ia supernovae aren't. Among these are a group sometimes called Type Iax supernovas, which have a spectrum marked by ionized silicon like ordinary Type Ias, but are considerably fainter.
While at the University of Amsterdam, study lead Ping Zhou observed a supernova remnant known as Sagittarius A East using the Chandra X-Ray telescope. Zhou thinks this is the first residue of an Iax supernova we have found in our galaxy.












Comment: The problem with AI learning game theory, and really the many ways it is being researched and funded, is that many of the companies, organizations and scientists working on it are government and intelligence agency-funded. This means that there's almost a guarantee of the technology being used, and deployed, in negative and destructive ways ultimately.
And you can be sure that advances in AI are likely waaaay more advanced than the above article (meant for public consumption) would seem to suggest.