© NiwaA sonar image of the Tangaroa Seamount.
A group of Wellington scientists have just confirmed volcanic activity on the deep water seamount.
Niwa principal scientist Malcolm Clark says they have discovered new hydrothermal vents, which create chimney-like structures.
"Some of the venting we found was very high temperature, black smoker type situations, where the temperature is several hundred degrees Celsius," says Malcolm.
He has just returned from taking the first biological samples of the animals which have adapted to Tangaroa's unique environmental conditions.
The top of the seamount is nearly a kilometre below the ocean's surface.
"These are species which are adapted to live in quite extreme conditions, high levels of hydrogen sulphide which is toxic to most life forms, quite high temperatures, they're deep, there's no light, they're under quite high pressure," says Malcolm.
The research will help agencies protect these habitats from fishing or mining.
"These seamounts and deep sea areas in general are sites of deep sea trawling for species like orange roughy and they're also of interest for seabed mining," says Malcolm.
While there's no sea bed mining at the moment, Australian-based companies Nautilus and Neptune minerals have licences to explore for what is known as "sea floor massive sulphides".
"These are deposits that are rich in copper and zinc and also some gold and silver associated with them that occur on the seamounts," says Malcolm.
Niwa's research vessel Tangaroa recently returned from a three-week voyage, with pictures, film footage and samples of new discoveries from the deep-sea floor, including footage of a new hydrothermal vent on an undersea volcano on the Tangaroa seamount.
"We were able to collect both underwater footage and specimens of chemosynthetic barnacles, mussels, and shrimps on Tangaroa Seamount," says Malcolm.
There are 50 submarine volcanoes stretching along the Kermadec Ridge. It's a significant feature of the Western Pacific, extending almost 1500km to the edge of the New Zealand., northeast of the Kermadec Islands.
Hydrothermal vents associated with these volcanoes release hot water and gases with different chemical compositions, so specific communities have adapted to survive in each area.
"The benthic community on Tangaroa seamount, a combination of mussels and barnacles and shrimps, isn't unique, but differs from that found on a number of neighbouring seamounts. "The seamount communities were also very different from those we observed and sampled on the slope and canyons, which typically had muddy seafloor, rather than rocks.
"This trip confirmed our working hypothesis that the environments generated in these different deep-sea habitats vary in their characteristics, and they result in faunal communities that can differ, within close proximity," says Malcolm.
"The implication is that the exploitation of one seamount could have an effect that is not the same as the seamount close by."
It is the Bay of plenty.