Obama Has Declared Record-Breaking 89 Disasters So Far in 2011

From Hurricane Irene, which soaked the entire East Coast in August, to the Midwest tornadoes, which wrought havoc from Wisconsin to Texas, 2011 has seen more billion-dollar natural disasters than any year on record, according to the National Climatic Data Center.

And as America's hurricanes, floods, tornadoes and wildfires set records this year, so too has President Obama in his response to them.

During the first 10 months of this year President Obama declared 89 major disasters, more than the record 81 declarations that he made in all of 2010.

And Obama has declared more disasters - 229 - in the first three years of his presidency than almost any other president signed in their full four-year terms. Only President George W. Bush declared more, having signed 238 disaster declarations in his second term, from 2005 to 2009.

But while the sheer number of bad weather events played a big role in the uptick in presidential disaster declarations, Obama's record-setting year may have something to do with politics as well.

"There's no question about it that the increase in the number of disaster declarations is outstripping what we would expect to see, given what we observe in terms of weather," said Robert Hartwig, the president and economist at the Insurance Information Institute. "There's a lot of political pressure on the president and Congress to show they are responsive to these sorts of disasters that occur."

While the president aimed to authorize swift and sweeping aid to disaster victims, Congress was entrenched in partisan battles over how to foot the bill. When Republicans demanded that additional appropriations for a cash-strapped FEMA be offset by spending cuts, the government was almost shut down over disaster relief funding.

Such budget showdowns have become commonplace in Congress, but a similarly slow response to natural disasters by the president has been met with far more pointed and politically damaging criticism. Former President Bush learned that the hard way after what was seen as a botched initial response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

"Ever since that time we've seen FEMA try to act more responsively and we've seen presidents more engaged in the issues going on with respect to disasters," Hartwig said.

Mark Merritt, who served as deputy chief of staff at FEMA during the Clinton Administration, said Obama's record-breaking number of declarations has less to do with politics and more to do with demographics.

People are moving to high-risk areas like beaches and flood plains, more bad weather events are occurring and the country's infrastructure is "crumbling," he said.

"It's not being used any more as a political tool today than it has over the past 18 years," said Merritt, who is now the president of the crisis management consulting firm Witt Associates. "Everybody can say there's a little bit of politics involved, and I won't deny that, but I don't think it's a political tool that politicians use to win reelections."

Politics aside, Obama's higher-than-ever number of disaster declarations may also have a lot to do with the broad scale of this year's disasters, which led to more declarations of catastrophes because each state affected by the disaster gets its own declaration.

For example, Hurricane Andrew, which hit Florida in 1992, cost upwards of $40 billion in damage, but resulted in only one disaster declaration because the damage was almost entirely confined to one state.

Hurricane Irene, on the other hand, pummeled much of the East Coast this summer, causing the president to make 9 disaster declarations, one for each state affected. Although there were 8 more declarations for Irene than for Andrew, the Irene caused about $7 billion in damage, a fraction of the damage caused by Andrew (up to $42 billion in today's dollars).

Each presidential disaster declaration makes the federal government - specifically FEMA - responsible for at least 75 percent of the recovery costs, relieving cash-strapped state and local governments of the billions in damages caused by this year's hurricanes, floods and tornadoes.

Richard Salkowe, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of South Florida who studies federal disaster declarations and denials, argued that the trend toward more declarations stems from local governments becoming more aware of the availability of federal funds.

"The local governments and state governments have become more aware of the process and more efficient in using it," Salkowe said. "I'd say yeah, there are more states that have overwhelming needs, and that may have lead to the Obama administration declaring more disaster areas."