Science & TechnologyS


Evil Rays

Best-Ever Topographic Map of Earth Released

The most complete digital topographic ever made of the Earth was released by NASA today

The map, known as a global digital elevation model, was created from images collected by the Japanese Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, or ASTER, instrument aboard NASA's Terra satellite.

The 3-D effect is achieved by merging two slightly offset two-dimensional images (called stereo-pair images) to create depth.

The first version of the map was released by NASA and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in June 2009.

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© NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team At 14,505 feet (4,421 meters) in elevation, California's Mt. Whitney, located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains on the west side of Owens Valley, is the highest point in the contiguous United States.

Question

Cyclops Shark & Other Cryptic Creatures Make October Creepy

Fetal Shark
© Pisces Fleet SportfishingA fetal shark cut from the belly of a pregnant shark caught in the Gulf of California. The shark, which would likely not have survived outside the womb, had only one eye.

In this world of Photoshop and online scams, it pays to have a hearty dose of skepticism at reports of something strange - including an albino fetal shark with one eye smack in the middle of its nose like a Cyclops.

But the Cyclops shark, sliced from the belly of a pregnant mama bull shark caught by a commercial fisherman in the Gulf of California earlier this summer, is by all reports the real thing. Shark researchers have examined the preserved creature and found that its single eye is made of functional optical tissue, they said last week. It's unlikely, however, that the malformed creature would have survived outside the womb.

"This is extremely rare," shark expert Felipe Galvan Magana of Mexico's Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias del Mar told the Pisces Fleet Sportfishing blog in July. "As far as I know, less than 50 examples of an abnormality like this have been recorded."

Pisces Fleet, a sportfishing company, rocketed the Cyclops shark to viral status online this summer with their photos of the creepy-cute creature. But this isn't the first time that reports of a mythical-seeming creature have spurred media sensations - last week alone, Russian officials announced "proof" of a Yeti, and paleontologists spun a theory about an ancient Kraken-like squid. Few reports of mythical beasts, however, come with proof.

Video

Swearing On TV Linked to Teen Aggression

Aggression
© dreamstimeBoys playing video games.
Swearing on television during prime time will most likely get a show fined by the Federal Communication Commission, and new research suggests it might be for good reasons.

By studying Midwestern youths, the study found that the more profanity they are exposed to through television and video games, the more accepting they are of swearing and the more likely they are to use profanity themselves. Those kids who swore more were also more likely to engage in physical aggression.

"Profanity is kind of like a stepping stone," said study researcher Sarah Coyne, of Brigham Young University. "You don't go to a movie, hear a bad word, and then go shoot somebody. But when youth both hear and then try profanity out for themselves it can start a downward slide toward more aggressive behavior."

Blackbox

US: Low-flying Helicopter to Scan for Buried Faults in South-Central Colorado

Citizens and visitors should not be alarmed if they witness a low-flying helicopter, with a large boom extending from its nose, flying back and forth in the northern San Luis Valley or near Salida during October and November.

Starting on or near Friday, Oct. 20, and lasting for four to six weeks, a low-flying helicopter under contract to the U.S. Geological Survey will begin collecting and recording geophysical measurements for scientific research purposes. The helicopter will fly low to the ground in a back and forth pattern to passively measure the magnetic properties of the earth's crust. The survey area will extend over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida.

This study should help answer a variety of scientific questions about the subsurface of this area, such as: Where are ancient faults buried? Do the faults act as a plumbing system for groundwater or geothermal hot springs? Are lava flows that erupted millions of years ago in the nearby mountains also present underneath the valley fill? These answers could potentially refine existing knowledge about the nature of aquifers, the potential for geothermal energy resources, and the likelihood of seismic hazards.

Laptop

IBM to Develop Exascale computers with Cognitive Abilities in Next Decade

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© innovationnewsdaily.com
IBM's research director John E. Kelly has described the next decade in computing at the University of Melbourne, which is where IBM is building and will soon launch a research and development facility

Back in August, IBM announced that it was in the midst of creating neurosynaptic chips to roll in the era of cognitive computing, where computers imitate processes of the human brain. These chips are able to learn, remember, find correlations and create hypotheses through a neurosynaptic core, which consists of an integrated memory (mimicking synapses), communication (mimicking axons) and computation (mimicking neurons).

IBM also showcased a supercomputer earlier this year, named "Watson," who challenged human contestants in a game of "Jeopardy."

Now, IBM's research director John E. Kelly has described the next decade in computing at the University of Melbourne, which is where IBM is building and will soon launch a research and development facility. IBM is looking to bring the era of Watson-like cognitive computing where machines can learn from their environments just like humans.

Magnify

Viruses exploit good gut bacteria to infect body

Trillions of beneficial bacteria live in the digestive tract and help break down food, but two new studies suggest these microbes can be exploited by certain viruses to infect the body.

In research that casts a shadow on the otherwise helpful role of symbiotic gut bacteria, U.S. scientists found that at least three viruses - polio, a reovirus and mouse mammary tumour virus - were severely impeded from transmitting or replicating in mice without the help of intestinal germs to slip past the body's defences.

Better Earth

NASA Commences Antarctic Ice Surveys

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© NASA/Michael StudingerNASA’s Operation IceBridge mission comprises the largest airborne research campaign ever flown over Earth’s polar region.
Scientists with NASA's Operation IceBridge airborne research campaign this week began the mission's third year of surveys over the changing ice of Antarctica.

Researchers are flying a suite of scientific instruments on two planes from a base of operations in Punta Arenas, Chile: a DC-8 operated by NASA and a Gulfstream V (G-V) operated by the National Science Foundation and the National Center for Atmospheric Research.

The G-V will fly through early November. The DC-8, which completed its first science flight on Wednesday, will fly through mid-November.

Saturn

Saturn's Moon Enceladus Ejects Icy Jets

NASA's Cassini spacecraft has captured images of water vapour and ice jets on Saturn's moon Enceladus.

At its closest approach, the spacecraft flew approximately 62 miles (100 kilometres) above the moon's surface. The close approach was designed to give some of Cassini's instruments, including the ion and neutral mass spectrometer, the chance to "taste" the jets themselves.

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© NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute Cassini sees jets of water vapor and ice from Enceladus.
At a higher vantage point during the encounter, Cassini's high-resolution camera captured pictures of the jets emanating from the moon's south polar region. The images of the surface include previously seen leading-hemisphere terrain.

Telescope

Supernova remnant generates thermonuclear explosion

G299.2-2.9 is an intriguing supernova remnant found about 16,000 light years away in the Milky Way galaxy. Evidence points to G299.2-2.9 being the remains of a Type Ia supernova, where a white dwarf has grown sufficiently massive to cause a thermonuclear explosion.

Because it is older than most supernova remnants caused by these explosions, at an age of about 4,500 years, G299.2-2.9 provides astronomers with an excellent opportunity to study how these objects evolve over time. It also provides a probe of the Type Ia supernova explosion that produced this structure.

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© X-ray: NASA/CXC/U.Texas/S. Park et al, ROSAT; Infrared: 2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSFSupernova G299.2-2.9

Info

Study Claims Modern Language Evolved From Yoda-Like Speech

Language
© redOrbit

The original "proto-human language" that many linguists believe all modern languages evolved from might have closely resembled the out-of-order speech pattern of the Star Wars character Yoda, claims a new study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The study, which was the work of Santa Fe Institute Program on the Evolution of Human Languages co-directors Merritt Ruhlen and Murray Gell-Mann, discovered that the original tongue used in East Africa some 50,000 years ago used a subject-object-verb (SOV) structure instead of a subject-verb-object (SVO) structure used by most modern languages.

For example, says LiveScience/Life's Little Mysteries reporter Natalie Wolchover, the English language uses SVO ordering, so a sentence would be structured like this: "I like you." Other languages, such as Latin - and, assuming the study is correct, the "proto-human language" - use SOV ordering in which the same sentence would be written and spoke like this: "I you like."

Ruhlen and Gell-Mann studied approximately 2,200 languages, both dead and alive, and grouped them into a "family tree" of sorts, according to the Huffington Post.