comet lovejoy plasma tail
© NAOJFigure 1：This GIF animation shows changes in the global structure of Comet Lovejoy's (C/2013 R1) plasma tail. There are three, 2-minute exposures taken in the I-band. The image is aligned so that the nucleus of the comet is at the same position and the tail lies vertically. The time stamp at the bottom right shows the start time of each exposure in Hawai'i time on the morning of December 4, 2013. Bright parts of the sky are shown as black, and dark parts are shown as white, allowing astronomers to see details in the object more clearly. The white tilted grid is a gap between CCD detectors. In the image, the tail narrows with time, especially downstream of the nucleus (which is at the bottom of the image). Moreover, two clumps were detected forming formed at about 0.3 million kilometers from the nucleus. They drifted toward downstream about 20 - 25 kilometers per second (Figure 2).
Images from a December 2013 observation of the comet C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) reveal clear details about rapidly changing activity in that comet's plasma tail. To get this image, astronomers used Subaru Telescope's wide-field prime-focus Suprime-Cam to zero in on 0.8 million kilometers of the comet's plasma tail, which resulted in gaining precious knowledge regarding the extreme activity in that tail as the comet neared the Sun. Their results are reported this week in a paper in the March 2015 edition of the Astronomical Journal.

Team of researchers from National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Stony Brook University (The State University of New York) and Tsuru University reported highly resolved find details of this comet captured in B-band in 2013 (Subaru Telescope's Image Captures the Intricacy of Comet Lovejoy's Tail). They used I-band filter which includes H2O+ line emissions and the V-band filter which includes CO+ and H2O+ line emissions. During the observations, the comet exhibited very rapid changes in its tail in the course of only 20 minutes (Figure 1). Such extreme short-term changes are the result of the comet's interactions with the solar wind, which consists of charged particles constantly sweeping out from the Sun. The reason for the rapidity of these changes is not well understood.

Dr. Jin Koda, the principal investigator of these nights, says "My research is on galaxies and cosmology, so I rarely observe comets. But Lovejoy was up in the sky after my targets were gone on our observing nights, and we started taking images for educational and outreach purposes. The single image from the previous night revealed such delicate details along the tail it inspired us further to take a series of images on the following night. As we analyzed the images, we realized that the tail was displaying rapid motion in a matter of only a few minutes! It was just incredible!"

The plasma tail of a comet forms when gas molecules and atoms coming out from the comet encounter the solar wind. Changes and disturbances in the solar wind can affect the behavior and appearance of this plasma tail, causing it to form clumps of ionized material. The material in the plasma tail departs from the comet's coma and floats away on the solar wind. At these times, the plasma tail can take on a "kinked" or twisted look.


Comment: So says 'conventional cometary science'. Yet as the Rosetta mission showed last year in relation to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, scientists are already discovering new information that is significantly altering their understanding of comets.

"Yet new information is already pouring in. What scientists have discovered is already starting to transform our understanding of Rosetta's target comet, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G for short), and cometary science."
1. C-G looks nothing like we'd expect

2. The surface is hotter than we guessed, and surprisingly ice-free

3. Despite its dry surface, C-G expels an astronomical amount of water... but not on its dark side
Wheres the ice 3 surprising comet facts we've already learned from Rosetta


A good candidate for a detailed study of activity in the plasma tail must be a bright comet with an orbit that takes it close enough to the Sun to form such a tail. In addition, the best viewing angles for astronomers to capture views of plasma tail changes occur when the comet also approaches close to Earth. As a result, comets that allow good viewing of the plasma tail are relatively rare - about one or two per year. During its passage, Comet Lovejoy's plasma tail was almost perpendicular (83.5 degrees) to the line of sight from Earth. That made it a prime candidate for close-up observations of its plasma tail structure using Suprime-Cam.

comet lovejoy plasma tail
© NAOJFigure 2: (left): A 2-second I-band exposure of the comet. The cyan rectangle shows the region in the right panel. (right): This shows movement of two clumps in the plasma tail. Images produced from 2-minute exposures are further processed; background star trails are masked, and unsharp-masked to enhance detailed structures. The masked star trails are seen as short tilted white lines. Time stamps in yellow show the start time of the exposure. White circles indicate the clumps detected in this study. They move away from the nucleus over time. The size of the cutout is about 2500 x 5600 kilometers. From the data, the research team calculated the speed of the clumps at 20 - 25 kilometers per second.
Another discovery is that clumps located in the plasma tail at about 300 thousand kilometers from the nucleus moved at a fairly slow speed—about 20 - 25 kilometers per second (Figure 2). That is much slower than reported in other comets, such as P/Halley, which gave off clumps that moved as fast as 58 kilometers per second or the value 44 +/- 11 kilometers per second as derived from several bright comets in the past.


Comment: Could be that the 'speed' differences are due to varying rates of 'electrical discharge'?


The speed of the solar wind ranges from 300 to 700 kilometers per second and the wind intensity and velocity that the comet encounters depends on where it is located with respect to the Sun. The solar wind helps to accelerate the clumps in the tail out away from the Sun. Eventually the clumps in the comet's tail reach this high speed. The observation team thinks they witnessed the beginning of the acceleration of the clumps by the solar wind.

It is still under study how these ion clumps form and what parameters determine the initial speed of them. Dr. Masafumi Yagi, the first author of the paper noted "Comets are often observable only during the twilight as they come near the Sun. On the other hand, it becomes difficult to observe faint objects like galaxies during the twilight hours because of the brighter sky background. Well-designed telescope scheduling like this case makes an effective use of the Subaru Telescope's time and will enable us to collect more data of comets when the opportunity arises in the future."

More information: "Initial speed of knots in the plasma tail of C/2013 R1(Lovejoy)." Masafumi Yagi et al. 2015 The Astronomical Journal 149 97 DOI

Saito et al. 1987, "Structure and dynamics of the plasma tail of comet P/Halley. I - Knot event on December 31, 1985", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 187, 209.

Niedner 1981, "Interplanetary gas. XXVII - A catalog of disconnection events in cometary plasma tails", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 46, 141.

Journal reference: Astrophysical Journal Supplement, Astronomical Journal, Astronomy and Astrophysics

Provided by: Subaru Telescope